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CHRONOLOQY 



PAPER AND PAPER-MAKING. 




]'apjTUS. 



V/' 

BY J. MUNSELL, 



ALBANY : 

J. MUNSELL, 78 STATE STREET. 

LoxDON : TRUBNER & CO., 60 Pateknoster Row, 

1857. 



p 







PREFACE. 



The facts embraced in the following pages have 
been gathered from so many sources, that it would 
have materially encumbered the work had it been 
attempted to give authorities in all cases. The work 
of Matthias Koops, who made extensive experiments 
in the beginning of the present century, has furnished 
numerous data. The Jury Report of the London Tn- 
dustrial Exhibition, has been used to a considerable 
extent for more modern statistics of European coun- 
tries. For the remainder, almost every available work 
has been consulted, English, French, German, and 
Nederdutch. 

It will be seen by the number of experiments made 
for the attainment of the same object by the same 
means, in England and America especially, that paper- 
makers have but little intercommunication. There is 



IV. 



great want of an American work, practical and expe- 
rimental, on this most important art. An account of 
the modes that have been pursued by the experimenters 
who have so long and arduously sought after a substi- 
tute for rags in the manufacture of paper, would of 
itself form an instructive volume. These experiments 
began in Europe more than a century ago, and were 
induced by the same cause which has ever since given 
rise to efforts in the same direction, the scarcity of 
rags. They have continually exercised the minds of 
manufacturers and others in this country during the 
present century, and the records of the patent office 
attest the fertility of invention which has been expended 
in this field of discovery. The following list of sub- 
stances which have been experimented upon, and of 
which it is claimed that paper has been produced of 
fair qualities, will show in a measure the extent of the 
effort which has been made to procure material to meet 
the increasing demand for paper fabrics. 

Paste board scraps, Bamboo, Carduus nutans, 

Animal substances, Mulberry, Old sacks, 

Wheat straw. Bark, Floss silk, 

Rice straw, Silk, Liquorice wood, 

Raw cotton, Flax, Pine shavings, 

Muscovy mats, Hemp, Bullen of plants, 

Alga marina, Satin, Blue grass, 



Hornets'' nests, 


Asbestos, 


Ulva marina, 


Coton du peuplier, 


Leaves, 


Decayed wood, 


Grape vines, 


Tan, 


White wood, 


Lily of the valley, 


Moss, 


Banana leaves. 


Moth wort, 


Beech, 


Gutta percha. 


Masse d'eau. 


Willow, 


Mummy cloth. 


Cabbage stumps, 


Aspen, 


Scotch ferns. 


Broom corn, 


Clematite, 


Gnaphalium, 


Bavarian peat. 


Ropes, 


Flag leaves. 


Bass w^ood, 


Tow, 


Sultana bark. 


Couch grass, 


Bagging, 


Cotton stalks. 


Marsh mallow, 


Fir, 


Dwarf palm. 


Spindle tree. 


Peat, 


Water broom, 


Wayfaring tree, 


Pine, 


Southern cane. 


Willow twigs. 


Aloes, 


Brazilian grass. 


Leather cuttings. 


Arroche, 


Beet root, 


Cotton waste. 


Thistles, 


Swingle tow, 


Printed waste, 


Conferva, 


Corn stalks, 


Corn husks, 


Linden, 


Seratula ervensis, 


Plantain, 


Erigerone, 


J'appus, 


Hay, 


Oakum, 


Wool, 


Bracken, 


Manures, 


Rushes, 


Flags, 


Hollyhock, 


Bran, 


Saw dust, 


Hop vines, 


Sea weed. 


Nettles, 


Reeds, 


Elm, 


Lime, 


Oak, 


Poplar, 


Burdock, 


Stone, 


Spartum, 


Asparagus. 







VI. 



In short, almost every thing has undergone a test. 
Not only have Bumerous patents been procured for 
useless modes of producing paper from many of the 
above articles, but costly machinery has in some cases 
been erected to assist in bringing them into use, after 
they had been experimented upon repeatedly and con- 
demned. This will continue to be the case until some- 
thing is published on the subject in such a shape as to 
be accessible to the trade. It is hardly necessary to 
say that this work does not aim to supply the desidera- 
tum, yet to a considerable extent it will serve as an 
index to those experiments. It also indicates what has 
been done towards bringing machinery to perfection, 
while those efforts W'ere being made to discover new 
materials for paper stock. It is in this department 
that great results have been attained. In a little more 
than a quarter of a century, the machines have entirely 
superseded the diminutive hand-mills which sparsely 
dotted the country, and gigantic establishments have 
risen up in their places. Paper-mill villages, and bank- 
ing institutions even, have grown out of this flourishing 
branch of industrial art, and we behold with satisfaction 
and amazement, what has been brought about by the 
aid of a commodity so insignificant in the eyes of the 
world as linen and cotton rags. 

The reader will observe some discrepancies in the fol- 
lowing pages ; the facts have been given as they were 
found, it being impossible to reconcile them. The com- 
piler will be obliged by anything that may be sent to 



vn. 



him ill regard to this subject, either by way of correction 
or addition. A few errors of the press occur, Aviiiclt 
will be so readily observed and understood as to render 
a particular notice of them unnecessary. 

Several specimens intended to accompany this edi- 
tion came too late for insertion, the work having- been 
promised at a certain time. 



SUBSTANCES 

USED IX THE 

MANUFACTURE OF PAPER. 



In early times the materials used for writing upon 
were chiefly such as required but little mechanical 
fashioning to fit them for that purpose. Characters 
were engraved on flat stones made smooth, or were 
impressed in clay, which was afterwards dried or hard- 
ened by sun or fire, as in the Babylonian bricks. Thin 
boards of wood, covered with wax or a similar composi- 
tion, and plates of ivory and metal, have been used; but 
a more convenient material was afforded by the leaves 
of certain species of trees. The skins and intestines of 
animals have also been made fit for writing upon; but 
when the Egyptian papyrus was introduced, all these 
things fell into disuse, except parchment, which is still 
preferred for certain purposes. 

The first successful attempt to manufacture an article 
resembling modern paper, as far as we know, was made 
in Egypt at a very remote time. An aquatic plant, 
known to us as papyrus, having a soft cellular flower- 
stem, aftbrded the material. The stem of the plant grew 
from ten to twenty feet high, of a triangular shape, from 
the thin coats or pellicles of which the paper was made. 
These were separated by means of a pin, or pointed 
muscle-shells, and spread on a table sprinkled with Nile 
2 



water, in such a form as tlie size of the sheets required, 
and washed over with the same. On the first layer of 
these slips, a second was placed cross-wise, so as to 
form a sheet of convenient thickness, which, after being 
pressed and dried in the sun, was polished with a shell 
or other hard and smooth substance. Twenty sheets 
was the utmost that could be separated from one stalk, 
and those nearest the pith made the finest paper. 

With respect to the time when this paper was invent- 
ed, there are diiferent opinions. Some authors have 
attempted to prove its antiquity from the earliest Greek 
writers; while Yarro states that the invention was 
unknown in the time of Alexander the Great, about four 
hundred years before the Christian era. But Herodotus, 
who lived nearly a century earlier than Alexander, 
testifies that it was an article of commerce and a material 
for writing long before his time. The Romans at a later 
day improved upon the papyrus made by the Egyptians; 
they sized it in a similar manner to that pursued with 
rag paper, making their size of the finest flour. The 
paper of the Romans was very white; that of the 
Egyptians of a yellowish or brown tinge. 

The Egyptian paper was manufactured in Alexandria 
and other cities of Egypt in such large quantities, that 
one individual boasted that he possessed so much paper 
that its revenue would maintain a numerous army. 
Alexandria was for a long time solely in the possession 
of this manufacture, and acquired immense riches by it. 
Europe and Asia were supplied therefrom for several 
centuries. The commerce of Egyptian paper was 
flourishing in the third century, and continued to the 
fifth century, when Theodoric abolished the impost 
upon it in Italy, where it was used occasionally until the 
eleventh century, at which time the use of parchment 
and paper made of cotton superseded it. 



The art of making paper from fibroUs matter reduced 
to a pulp in water, appears to have been first discovered 
by the Chinese about eighteen hundred years ago. The 
Chinese paper is commonly supposed to be made of 
silk; but this is a mistake. Silk by itself, can not be 
reduced to a pulp suitable for making paper. Refuse 
silk is said to be occasionally used with other ingredi- 
ents, but the greater part of the Chinese paper is made 
from the inner bark of the bamboo and mulberry tree, 
called by them the paper tree, hempen rags, &c. The 
latter are prepared for paper by being cut and well 
washed in tanks. They are then bleached and dried • 
in twelve days they are converted into a pulp, which is 
then made into balls of about four pounds weight. 
These are afterwards saturated with water, and made 
into paper on a frame of fine reeds; and are dried by 
being pressed under large stones. A second drying 
operation is performed by plastering the sheets on the 
walls of a room. The sheets are then coated with gum 
size, and polished with stones. 

They also make paper from cotton and linen rags, and 
a coarse yellow sort from rice straw, which is used for 
wrapping. They are enabled to make sheets of a large 
size, the mould on which the pulp is made into paper 
being sometimes ten or twelve feet long, and very wide, 
and managed by means of pulleys, . 

The Japanese prepare paper from the mulberry as 
follows: in the month of December, the twigs are cut 
into lengths, not exceeding thirty inches, and put 
together in bundles. These fagots are then placed 
upright in a large vessel containing an alkaline ley, and 
boiled till the l)ark shrinks so as to allow about a half 
an inch of the wood to appear free at the top. After 
they are thus boiled, they are exposed to a cool atmo- 
sphere, when the bark is stripped from the wood and 



dried, and laid away for future use. When a sufficient 
quantity has been thus collected, it is soaked in "water 
three or four days, when a blackish skin which covered 
it is scraped off. At the same time also the stronger 
bark, which is of a full year's growth, is separated from 
the thinner, which covered the younger branches, and 
which yields the best and whitest paper. After it has 
been sufficiently cleansed out and separated, it must be 
boiled in clear ley, and if stirred frequently, it soon 
becomes of a suitable nature. It is then washed, a pro- 
cess requiring much attention and great skill and judg- 
ment ; for, if it be not washed long enough, the paper, 
although strong and of good body, will be coarse and 
of little value ; if washed too long, it will afford a white 
paper, but will be spongy and unfit for writing upon. 
Having been washed until it becomes a soft and woolly 
pulp, it is spread upon a table and beat fine with a 
mallet. It is then put into a tub with an infusion of 
rice and breni root, when the whole is stirred until the 
ingredients are thoroughly mixed in a mass of a proper 
consistence. The moulds on which sheets are formed 
are made of reeds cut into narrow strips, instead of 
wire, and the process of dipping is like that of other 
countries. After being allowed to remain a short time 
in heaps, under a slight pressure, the sheets are exposed 
to the sun, by which they arc properly dried. 

The Arabians in the seventh century, appear to have 
either discovered, or to have learned from the Chinese, 
or Hindoos, quite likely from the latter, the art of 
making paper from cotton ; for it is known that a 
manufactory of such paper was established at Samarcand 
about the year 706 a. d. The Arabians seem to have 
carried the art to Spain, and to have there made paper 
from linen and hemp as well as from cotton. 

The art of manufacturing paper from cotton is sup 



posed to have found its way into Europe in the eleventh 
century. The first paper of that kind was made of raw 
cotton ; but its manufacture was by the Arabians extend- 
ed to old worn-out cotton, and even to the smallest 
pieces thereof. But as there are cotton-plants of vari- 
ous kinds, it was natural that they should produce 
papers of dilTerent qualities; and it was impossible to 
unite their woolly particles so firmly as to form a strong, 
substantial paper, for want of sufficient skill and proper 
machinery, using, as they did, mortars and rude horse- 
mills. The Greeks, it is said, made use of cottou paper 
before the Latins. It came into Germany through 
Venice, and Avas called Greek parchment. 

The Moors, who were the paper-makers of Spain, 
having been expelled b}' the Spaniards, the latter, 
acquainted with water-mills, improved the manufacture, 
so as to produce a paper from cotton nearly equal to 
that made of linen rags. 

It is not known when cotton paper was introduced 
into England, but it appears that its use continued until 
the latter part of the fourteenth century, when it was 
gradually supplanted by linen paper, which began to be 
used in 1342. 

Paper manufactures early became very flourishing in 
France, and the ])a])er-makers in that country soon 
excelled their neighbors in the art, and were therefore 
enable to export considerable quantities, which increased 
so much yearly, tliat in 1658 two millions francs in value 
was exported to Holland alone; and it provided Spain, 
England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but 
chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for print- 
ing and writing; and as late as the beginning of the 
present century twenty-five thousand reams were annu- 
ally exported to Switzerland and Germany. But at this 



time the art of paper-making had arrived at a great 
degree of perfection in England and Holland, whereby 
the export from France was so greatly reduced, that, of 
four hundred paper-mills in two provinces, three hund- 
red were discontinued. 

Peter the Great, of Russia, visited the paper-mill at 
Dresden, in 1712, and was so much pleased with the art, 
that he immediately engaged paper-makers, whom he 
sent to Moscow, to establish a paper-mill at his own 
expense. 

In the manufacture of paper, any fibrous vegetable 
substance may be used. Bark and straw are much 
employed, but the process of manufacture has hitherto 
been found too expensive. A French paper-maker 
claims to have obviated, by the aid of chemistry, all 
difficulties in the use of straw, and the experiments 
of Mr. Beardslee of Albany, were so far successful as 
to lead many to hope for an economical mode of con- 
verting the forests into paper to supply the all-devouring 
maw of the press. Yet it is still thought that Ave shall 
never find anything to answer the purpose so well as 
linen and cotton rags. The Chinese employ a vast 
number of fibrous substances for this manufacture, and 
apply paper to a variety of uses little thought of in 
other countries. 

In all kinds of paper-making, whether from the bark 
of trees or other fibrous matter, or from rags, the gene- 
ral process is the same. The fibrous material is cut 
and bruised in water till it is separated into fine and 
short filaments, and becomes a sort of pulp. This pulp 
is taken up in a thin and even layer upon a mould of 
wire-cloth, or something similar, which allows the 
water to drain off, but retains the fibrous matter, the 
filaments of which are, by the process of reduction to 



pulp, and subsequent drying and pressing, so interwoven 
and fitted together, that they can not be separated 
without tearing, and thus form paper. 

But the manufacture of paper, though an interesting 
process to witness, is difficult to describe intelligibly. 
Like the art of printing, it has undergone a wonderful 
change within a quarter of a century, calling into use 
immense steam and water power, and ponderous 
machinery, that consume the cast-off habiliments of 
the population of the whole world, and now require 
other material for consumption, to keep pace with the 
demand for their fabrics. 



CHRONOLOGY OF PAPER. 



670 B. c. Nuraa, who lived three hundred years before 
Alexander, left several works written upon papyrus, 
which were still found at Eome a long time after his 
death. This is perhaps the earliest authenticated use 
of papyrus. 

600 B. c. Manufactories of Egyptian paper from papy- 
rus, are supposed to have existed at Memphis. But 
papyrus manuscripts are found in the Catacombs, 
apparently several thousand years old. 

440 B. c. Herodotus alludes to the general use of 
parchment among the lonians at tliis time, under the 
term of sheep and goat skins. 

300 B. c. For at least three hundred years before 
Christ papyrus was exported in large quantities from 

Egypt- 

270 B. C. The Jewish elders, by order of the high 
priest, carried a copy of the law to Ptolemy Philadelphus 
in letters of gold upon skins, the pieces of which were 
so artfully put together that tlie joinings did not appear. 

200 B. c. A better method of dressing parchment was 
found at Pergamus about this time, which led to the 
supposition that parchment was invented there, and 
hence derived its name. 
3 



10 

15 A. D. About this time, durino; the reign of Tiberius, 
a popular commotion arose in consequence of the scar- 
city of papyrus ; the commerce in which had flourished 
a long time, but the supply seems to have been always 
less than the demand, 

79. Herculaneum was overwhelmed, a city so obscure 
that very little account has been given of it by ancient 
writers; 3^et eighteen hundred manuscripts on papyrus 
have been taken from its ruins, 

95. Du Halde says it was in this year that a mandarin 
of the palace manufactured paper of the bark of differ- 
ent trees, old rags of silk and hemp. 

290. About this time the value of papyrus was so 
great, that when Firmus, arich and ambitious merchant, 
striving at empire, conquered for a brief period the city 
of Alexandria, he boasted that he liad seized as much 
paper and size as would support his whole army. 

500, About this time Theodoric abolished the duty on 
papyrus, which contributed to the revenue of the Ilomau 
empire, and fresh imposts had been laid upon it by 
successive rulers, until they became oppressive. Cassio- 
dorus congratulates " the whole Avorld on the repeal of 
the impost on an article so essentially necessary to the 
human race," the general use of which, as Pliny says, 
"polishes and immortalizes man." 

572. There is a manuscript in the British Museum, 
which appears to have been written at this time, upon 
a roll of papyrus eight feet and a half long, and twelve 
inches wide. The longest specimen of papyrus known 
is the one at Paris, measuring thirty feet. 

600. About this time paper made of bark was used 
by the Longobards, for the imperial protocols, in order 
to render the forging of diplomas more difficult. 

648. There was a manufactory of paper at Samarcand, 
similar to that which had long been made by the Chinese. 



11 



650. The Saracens having become masters of Egypt, 
the intercourse botwceu that country and Home was so 
much interrupted that the supply of papyrus became 
scanty and precarious. Previously to that event, all 
public records had been executed on pap3^rus, while it is 
found that at a date immediately subsequent parchment 
was substituted. 

704. Tlie Arabians are supposed to have acquired 
the knowledge of making paper of cotton, by their con- 
quests in Tartary. 

706. Casiri, a Spanish author, attributes the invention 
of cotton paper to Joseph Amru, in this year, at Mecca ; 
but it is well known that the Chinese and Persians were 
acquainted with its manufacture before this period. 

900. The bulls of the j)opes in the eighth and ninth 
centuries were written upon cotton paper. 

900. Montfaucon, Avho on account of his diligence and 
the extent of his researches is great authority, wrote 
a dissertation to prove that charta bombycine, cotton 
paper, was discovered in the empire of the east toward 
the end of the ninth or beginning of the tenth century. 
But see 706. 

1007. The plenarium, or inventory, of the treasure 
of the church of Sandersheim, is written upon paper of 
cotton, bearing this date. 

1049. The oldest manuscript m England written upon 
cotton paper, is in the Bodleian collection of the British 
Museum, having this date. 

1050. The most ancient manuscript on cotton paper 
that has been discovered in the lloyal Library at Paris, 
having a date, bears record of this year. 

1085. The Christian disciples of Moorish paper-makers 
at Toledo in Spain, worked the paper-mills to better 
advantage than their predecessors. Instead of manu- 



12 

facturing paper of raw cotton, which is easily recog- 
nized by its yellowness and brittleness, they made it of 
rags, in moulds through which the water ran off; for 
this reason it was called parchmcrd cloth. 

1100. The Jifhorisms of Hippocrates, in Arabic, the 
manuscript of which bears this date, has been pro- 
nounced the oldest specimen of linen paper that has 
come to light. 

1100. Arabic manuscripts were at this time written 
on satin paper, and embellished with a quantity of 
ornamental work, painted in such gay and resplendent 
colors that tlie reader might behold his face reflected as 
if from a mirror. 

1100. There was a diploma of Roger, king of Sicily, 
dated 1145, in which he says that he had renewed on 
parchment a charter which had been written on cotton 
paper in 1100. 

1102. The king of Sicily appears to have accorded 
a diploma to an ancient family of paper-makers who 
had established a manufactory in that island, where 
cotton was indigenous, and this has been thought to 
point to the origin of cotton paper. 

1120. Peter the A'eneral)le, abbot of Cluui, who 
flourished about this time, declared that paper from 
linen rags was in use in his day. 

1150. Edrisi, who wrote at this time, tells us that the 
paper made at Xativa, an ancient city of Valencia, was 
excellent, and was exported to the east and west. 

1151. An Arabian author certifies that very fine wliite 
cotton paper was manufactured in Spain, and Cassim 
aben Hegi assures us that the best Avas made at Xativa. 
The Spaniards being acquainted with water-mills, im- 
proved upon the Moorish method of grinding the raw 
cotton and rags ; and by stamping the latter in the mill, 



I 



13 

they produced a better pulp than from the raw cotton, 
from which various sorts of paper were manufactured, 
nearly equal to those made from linen rags. 

1153. Petrus Mauritius, who died in this 3'ear, has 
the following passage on paper in his Treatise against 
the Jews: "The books we read every day are made of 
sheep, goat, or calf skin ; or of oriental plants, that is, 
the papyrus of Egypt ; or of rags, ex rasauris veterum 
pannorum ; " supposed to allude to modern paper. 

1170. The time when papyrus wholly ceased to be 
used is not certainly known ; but Eustathius, the scho- 
liast on Homer, says it was disused before this time. 

1 178. A treaty of peace between the kings of Arragon 
and Castile, is the oldest specimen of linen paper used 
in Spain with a date. It is supposed that the Moors, on 
their settlement in Spain, where cotton was scarce, made 
paper of hemp and flax. The inventor of linen rag 
paper, whoever he was, is entitled to the gratitude of 
posterity. 

1200. Casiri positively affirms that there are manu- 
scripts in the Escurial palace near Madrid, upon both 
cotton and hemp paper, written prior to this time. 

12^1. Frederic II of Germany, in consideration of 
the bad quality of paper made of cotton, its subjection 
to humidity, to alteration, and other defects, issued an 
order, nullifying all public acts which should be uj)on 
cotton paper, allowing two years to transcribe upon 
parchment all such as then existed. 

1239. One of the earliest specimens of paper from 
linen rags, which has yet been discovered, is a docu- 
ment, with the seals preserved, with this date and signed 
by Adolphus, count of Schaumburg. It is preserved in 
the University of Rinteln in Germany, and establishes 
the fact beyond dispute that linen pajoer was already in 
use in Germany. 



14 

1270. By far the oldest manuscript written in France 
upon modern paper, is a letter from Joinville to St. 
Louis, which bears date a short time before the death 
of that monarch in 1270. 

1270. Notwithstanding the most diligent search of 
the learned antiquary Montfaucon, both in France and 
Italy, he could find no book nor leaf of paper made of 
linen rags, before this year ; whence it was concluded 
that there was no hope of finding an exact date to the 
invention. 

1280. At this time very little use was made of Egyp- 
tian paper for diplomas, in England and Germany, but 
parchment was the universal substitute; and yet no 
map of parchment made before the sixth century is 
known to have been discovered. 

1308. Meerman satisfied himself that linen paper was 
used in Germany at this time, but was not able to decide 
in what country its invention originated. 

1311, No other than Egyptian papyrus and cotton 
paper, it is asserted, was known in France before this 
time ; although a letter is produced which is claimed to 
be linen paper, written before 1270. (See 1270.) 

1314. The earliest undisputed French manuscript on 
linen paper is of this date, but it is not conclusive that 
it was fabricated in France. 

1318. In Deutschland kommt leinenes Papier vor 
1813 schwerlich vor; von diesem Jahre aber hat das 
Archiv des Hospitals Kauf beuern Urkunden auf leine- 
nem Papier aufzuzeigen — Conversations-Lexikon. 

1319. Linen paper is said to have been found at 
Nuremberg by Von Murr of this date. (See 1342.) 

1320. The earliest Euglish manuscript on linen paper 
with a date that has been discovered is of the fourteenth 
year of Edward III. 

1338. Peter II of Valencia issued a command to the 



15 

paper-makers at Valencia and Xativa, under pain of 
punishment, to manufacture better paper, which was to 
be equal to that formerly made ; showing that the manu- 
facture had degenerated. 

1339. From a piece of very coarse cotton paper, 
bearing this date, in the possession of Meerman, who 
wrote about 1760, he argues that the art of paper-making 
was neglected by the Spaniards, and that prior to the 
middle of the fourteenth century no linen paper had 
been manufactured in that country, yet the scientific 
men of Spain persist in its being linen paper. 

1340. Tiraboschi, in his history of Italian literature, 
places the establishment of paper-making at Padua in 
this year, deriving his authority from a passage of the 
ancient history of that city by Cortusius. 

1340. Peignot says it was about this time that the 
manufacture of paper was established in France, in 
the neighborhood of Troyes and Essonne. Lombardy 
furnished paper to the French before this time. 

1342. It has been claimed that the earliest manuscript 
in England on linen paper has the above date (see 1320). 
In the Cottonian Library of the British Museum, it is 
said there are several writings on this kind of paper, 
as early as the year 1335. Linen paper gradually sup- 
planted that made of cotton. 

1342. The Royal Society of Gottingen adjudged to 
John Daniel Fladd a prize medal of twenty-five ducats 
for the discovery of the most ancient linen paper, which 
bears this date. It is claimed that earlier specimens 
have been found. (See 1319.) 

1350. There was a large paper manufactory at Fab- 
riano in Italy, which, according to the description of 
Bartolus, had been long established, and enlarged from 
time to time, till it consisted of several mills belonging 



16 

to different persons, although the whole formed only one 
manufactory of cotton paper. 

1350. Although cotton paper was early introduced 
into Germany, and at the commencement of the ninth 
century was known under the name of Greek parchment, 
and although cotton and flax were spun and wove in that 
country in the tenth century, the manufacture of paper 
can not be traced beyond the middle of the fourteenth 
century, when it was made by stamping mills. 

1360. Ulman Stromer began to write at Nuremberg 
the first work ever published on paper-making. 

1366. The senate of Venice granted an exclusive 
privilege to the paper-mill at Treviso, that no linen- 
paper shavings or offal should be exported from Venice 
than for the use of that mill. This would seem to show 
that linen paper was already in use there. 

1367. It is thought that there was no linen paper used 
in Italy before this time. The knowledge of cotton paper 
came by means of the Greeks to Italy ; and the art of 
making it in Sicily, through the invasion of the Sara- 
cens. 

1367. A document of a notary of this date proves the 
use of linen paper in Italy; and Maffei states that he 
possessed a family manuscript of linen paper of the same 
date, and he therefore attemjDts to appropriate the in- 
vention of linen paper to Italy. 

1376. Du Cange cites the following lines from a French 
metrical romance written about this time, to show that 
waxen tablets continued to be occasionally used till a 
late period : 

Some ■with antiquated style 

In waxen tablets promptly write ; 
Others with liner pen, the while 

Form letters lovelier to the sight. 

There are many ample and authentic records of the 



17 

royal household of France, of the thirteenth and four- 
teenth centuries, still preserved, written upon waxen 
tablets. 

1377. A charter of this date, given at Fabriano in 
Italy, relates to the lease of a mill with a waterfall, 
adfaciendas cartas. It was from the mills of this place 
that Bodoni, at the commencement of the present cen- 
turj^ obtained the paper for his beautiful editions. 

1390. Ulman Stromer established a large paper-mill 
at Nuremberg, where were many Italian workmen. He 
employed two rollers, which set eighteen stampers in 
motion ; but when he would add another roller, he was 
opposed by the Italians whom he employed, who would 
not consent to the enlarging of his manufacture ; but they 
were imprisoned by the magistrates, and then they sub- 
mitted by renewing their oaths. He died in 1407. This 
is the first mill known to have been erected in Germany, 
which is said to have manufactured the first paper from 
rags in Europe. But see 1350, 1366, etc. 

1400. There were paper-mills at Colic in Tuscany, 
which were moved by water power. 

1450. It is said that copies of the Bible printed upon 
parchment, by Gutenberg, of this date, are found at 
Berlin, Brunswick, St. Blaise Monastery and Paris, in 
three volumes, folio. But it is presumed to be a mistake. 

1453. After the fall of Constantinople some Greeks 
established the manufacture of paper at Basle, in S\vitz- 
erland. 

146S. An edict of Charles VIII attests that there were 
paper manufactories at Troyes, Corbeil and Essonne. 

1471. Sweynheim and Pannartz, in a petition to the 
pope for assistance, inform him that the number of books 
they had printed and which remained on their hands 
was so great that he would admire how and where they 
could have procured a sufficient quantity of paper, or 



18 

even rags, for such a number of volumes, which amounted 
to 12,475. This woukl probably have required about 
1250 reams. 

1498. An entry has been found in the privy purse 
expenses of Henry A'll, as follows : " For a rewarde 
yeven at the paper mylne, 16s. Sc/.," which establishes 
the fact that a paper-mill preceded that of Spilman 
nearly a century, and was probably the mill mentioned 
below. 

1498. In Wynken de Worde's edition of De Proprietati- 
hus Jlerum, it is stated that the paper was made by John 
Tate the younger, in these quaint lines : 

"And John Tate the yonger Joye mote he broke 

Whiche late hathe in Englond doo make this papei' thynne, 

That now in our englyssh this book is j^rynted Inne." 

This mill was at Hartford. The water-mark he used 
Avas an eight-pointed star within a double circle. A print 
of it is given in Herbert's Typ. Antiquities, i, 200. 

1500. Paintings of this date Ity Julio Clavio, on parch- 
ment, are preserved in the Vatican. The art of painting 
on parchment was common before the art of painting 
with oil colors was discovei-ed. 

1514. John Tate died, who is supposed to have erected 
the first paper-mill in England, about 1498. 

1539. An ancient water-mark (erroneously so termed) 
of this era, consisted of a hand with a star at the fin- 
gers' ends, and is supposed to have given the name to 
what is still termed hand paper. 

1539. A favorite paper-mark of this time was the jug 
or pot, and is supposed to have originated the term pot 
paper, for a peculiar size. The /bo/'^ cap was of a later 
date, and has given place in England to the figure of 
Britannia. 

1540. About this time Henry VHI of England, in the 
wildness of his hatred of the pope, used for his corre- 



19 



spondence a paper of which the water-mark was a hog 
with a mitre, 

1558. Churchyard's Spark of Friendship was first printed 
this year, and mentions the paper-mill of Spilman, which 
is often quoted as the first paper-mill in England under 
the date of 1588, q. v. (See also 1498.) 

1562. A work printed in this year mentions a paper- 
mill at Fen Ditton, near Cambridge, England. 

1564. Charles IX of France having put an impost 
upon paper, the universit}^ brought the subject before 
the parliament, when Montholon and De Thou advocated 
the abolition of the tax, and the university gained its 
cause. 

1565. Charles IX of France, at the remonstrance of 
the university and the decision of the parliament, 
abolished the duty which he had laid upon paper. 

1588. Nicholls, in hh Progresses of Queen Elizabeth, gives 
a poem with the following title : A description and 
Playne Discourse of Paper, and the whole benefits that Paper 
brings, iirith Rehearsall, and setting foorth in Verse a Paper- 
myll built near Barthforth, by a high Germaine, called Master 
Spilman, Jeweller to the Queene''s Majestic. This is sup- 
posed to have been the second paper-mill in England, 
and is often mentioned as the first. It was erected by 
a German named Spielman, or Spilman, in reward of 
which he received from Elizabeth the honor of knight- 
hood. (See 1558.) 

1635. Under the reign of Louis XIII of France, an 
impost upon paper was established, but with the condi- 
tion that the fermier should pay each year the sum of 
ten thousand livres to the royal printing office and the 
university of Paris. 

1640. The manufacture of wall paper was begun about 
this time; as a substitute for the ancient hangings of 



20 

tapestry, or cloth, tliey reached a high state of beauty 
and perfection. 

1646. Athanasins Kircher, a Jesuit of the seventeenth 
century, boasted of having paper, among other things 
made of asbestos. 

1652. Christina of Sweden having invited one of the 
Jansens from Holland as a printer, granted him the 
valuable privilege of importing all his paper duty free. 
1654. Under Louis XIV, the indemnity established 
by his predecessor for the tax upon paper was changed 
to an exemption tVom duty of thirty thousand reams of 
paper, of all qualities and fabrics, of which the distri- 
bution was left to the superior of the university. 

1658. The French paper-makers produced fabrics so 
much superior to those of their neighbors, and their 
export trade had become so flourishing in consequence, 
that paper to the value of two millions of livres w^as 
this year sent to Holland ; and they provided Spain, 
England, Switzerland, Denmark, Sweden, Russia, but 
chiefly Holland and the Levant, with paper for printing 
and writing. 

1661. Fuller, writing of the paper of his time, says 
that it partook in some sort of the characters of the 
countries which made it; the Venetian being neat, subtil 
and court-like; the French light, slight and slender; 
and the Dutch thick, corpulent and gross, sucking up the 
ink with the sponginess thereof. He complains tnat the 
English manufactories were not sufficiently encouraged, 
considering the vast sums of money expended for paper 
out of Italy, France and Germany. 

1663. England imported from Holland alone paper to 
the amount of ^e 100,000. 

1670. Post paper seems to have derived its name 
from the post horn, which at one time was its distin- 



guishing mark. It does not appear to Lave been used 
prior to the establishment of the general post office, 
here given, -when it became the custom to blow a horn, 
to which circumstance no doubt we may attribute its 
introduction. 

1670. The manufacture of paper was still carried on 
with so little success in England, that the deficiency of 
that indispensable fabric was imported from the conti- 
nent, and principally from France. 

1678. At the end of a book with this date is the fol- 
lowing singular advertisement : " To the King's most 
excellent majesty, this book is humbly presented, being 
printed upon English paper, and made within five miles 
of Windsor, by Eustace Burneby, Esquire, who was the 
first Englishman that brought it into England; attested 
by Henry Million, who was overseer in the making of 
this royal manufacture." (See 1498, 1558, 1588.) 

1685. -Among the French refugees who went over to 
England, were a number of paper-makers, who are 
supposed to have greatly improved the manufacture in 
the latter country. 

1688. It is stated in tlie British Merchant, that hardly 
any sort of paper except brown, was made in England 
previous to the revolution. 

1689. Edmund Bohun says in his Jiutobiography, that 
" paper became so dear, that all printing stopped, almost, 
and the stationers did not care to undertake anything." 

1690. Anderson states in his History of Commerce that 
it was in this year paper was first manufactured in 
England (see 1588) ; and that up to this time England 
imported paper from France to the amount of .£100,000 
yearly ; but as the war with France occasioned very 
high duties to bo laid on foreign productions, some 
French protestant refugees settled in England, and 
introduced the manufacture of white writing paper. 



22 

1695. A company was formed in Scotland " for making 
white writing and printing paper," the articles of which 
are preserved in the library of the British Museum. 

1696. It appears by a document in the British Museum 
entitled the Case of the Paper Traders, that a bill was 
now pending for levying 20 per cent upon foreign paper, 
parchment, vellum, and pasteboard, and 20 per cent upon 
English paper, &c. It is also stated that there were 
not at this time one hundred paper-mills in all Eng- 
land, and that the value of paper annually made was 
only about ^628,000. It is further said that the paper- 
makers were generally very poor and could scarce 
maintain their families. 

1700. Though several unsuccessful attempts had been 
made to introduce the manufacture of paper into Bel- 
gium, it was not until about this time that it became 
regularly established, by the aid of government ; nor 
was its progress rapid during the eighteenth century. 

1700. There were four hundred paper-mills in the 
provinces of Perigord and Angoumois, in France ; but 
the art of paper-making had now arrived to sucli a 
degree of perfection in England and Holland, that the 
trade of these mills began to decline, and finally three- 
fourths of them were shut up. 

1701. An efibrt was made in parliament to affix a tax 
to cheap publications which had just come into vogue, 
yet the quantity of paper consumed by them was esti- 
mated at 20,000 reams a year. 

1711. The excise duty on paper M'as first imposed in 
England during the reign of Queen Anne, occasioned by 
" the necessity of raising large supplies of money to 
carry on the present Avar." The necessity seems not to 
have ceased since. 

1712. Peter the Great of Russia visited Dresden and 
witnessed the operation of paper-making, with which 



23 



be was so much pleased that he immediately engaged 
workmen to be sent to Moscow, where a mill was 
erected with great privileges. 

1713. Thomas Watkin, a London stationer, revived 
the art of ])aper-making in England, which had gone to 
decay; he brought it to great repute and perfection in 
a short time. 

1714. A paper-niill was erected upon Chester creek, 
Delaware, which is still in operation. The owner is a 
Mr. Wilcox, whose father made paper that was used in 
Franklin's printing-office. Paper is still made there by 
hand, by the same process as was in use a century ago. 

1716. John Bagford, the most extraordinary connois- 
seur of paper ever known, died in England. His skill 
was so great that it is said he could at first sight tell 
the place where and the time when, any paper was 
made, though at never so many years' distance. He 
prepared materials for a history of paper-making, which 
are now in the British Museum, numbered 5891 to 
5988. 

1719. Reaumur, in an essay published at this time, 
seems to have been the first author who perceived that 
paper might be produced from wood. Observing that 
the fabric of wasps' nests was procured from wood, he 
took the hint, and explaining his own conceptions on 
the subject, desired that some one of those who had an 
opportunity should make the experiment. 

1720. The kings of Spain having granted monopo- 
lizing privileges to many convents for the manufacture 
of paper, and when it came again into private hands, 
fixed such a low price upon printed books, that the 
trade went to decay. The Genoese availing themselves of 
the opportunity, and procuring considerable quantities 
of rags from Andalusia, in this year sent back paper to 
Spain to the amount of 500,000 piasters. 



24 

1721. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain annually was estimated at three hundred thou- 
sand reams, which was equal to about two-thirds of the 
whole consumption. 

1723. There were but few paper-mills in Holland; the 
Dutch importing great quantities of paper from France. 

1723. The value of the paper annually made in Great 
Britain was estimated at .£780,000. 

1728. William Bradford owned a paper-mill at Eliza- 
bethtown, N. J., which Thomas think was the first in 
that state, and that it may have been the first in British 
America. 

1728. A patent was granted b}^ the general court of 
Massachusetts to a company for the sole purpose of 
manufacturing paper, for a term of ten years, on condi- 
tion that in the first fifteen months they should make 
115 reams of brown paper and 60 reams of printing 
paper ; the second year 50 reams of writing paper in 
addition to the above ; and the third year and afterwards 
yearly, 25 reams of a superior quality of writing paper 
in addition to the foregoing; and that the total annual 
produce of the various qualities should be less than 500 
reams a year. 

1730. The first paper-mill in New England went into 
operation in Milton, Mass., under a patent granted 
two years before. It was carried on several years, and 
is supposed to have been discontinued for want of a 
workman. This was probably the paper-mill of Daniel 
Henchman, an enterprising bookseller of Boston, who is 
said to have petitioned for and received some aid from 
the legislature of Massachusetts, and erected the first 
paper-mill in that colony. 

1731. Daniel Henchman, who with legislative aid 
erected the first paper-mill in Massachusetts, produced 
a sample of his paper before the general court. 



25 

1732. Richard Fry, stationer, bookseller, paper-maker 
and rag-merchant, in Cornhill, Boston, returned the 
public thanks for following the directions of his former 
advertisement encouraging the gathering of rags, and 
hoped they would continue the like metliod, having 
received upwards of seven thousand weight already. 

1734. Seba, a Flemish writer on natural history, whose 
first volume was published this year, called attention to 
the fact that his country " does not seem to want trees 
fit for making paper, if people would give themselves 
the necessary trouble and expense. Mga marina, for 
example, which is composed of long, strong, viscous fila- 
ments, might it not be proper for this purpose, as well 
as the mats of Muscovy, if they were prepared as the 
Japanese make their timber?" 

1746. The English had manufactures o{ papiers peints 
about this time, and more recently the Messrs. Potter 
erected at IVranchcstcr a colossal establishment, which 
by an ingenious machine printed four colors at a time, 
and which, by the aid of eight machines, produced in a 
single day from 8 to 10,000 rolls, which was more than 
all the London manufactories together. 

1748. The decrease of exports of French paper from 
Rouen was so great that many of the mills were con- 
verted to other uses, principally to fulling-mills. 

1750. About this time the cylinder or engine mode of 
comminuting rags into paper pulp ap})ears to have been 
invented in Holland, but received very little attention 
abroad for several years after. 

1750. It was in this year that Baskerville, to obviate 
the roughness of the laid paper of that time, had it made 
on wove moulds ; his beautiful edition of Virgil (see 
1757) was chiefly printed on this wove paper. 

1751. Many suitable vegetables had been discovered, 
and schemes proposed for converting them into paper, 



26 

as a substitute for rags, but none were carried into effect 
until now, when M. Guettard in France published his 
experiments and communicated new specimens of paper 
made from the bark, leaves, wood, <fec., of different jjlants, 
shrubs ai:d trees. 

1755. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen 
offered a premium to trace the exact time of the dis- 
covery of the manufacture of paper from linen. (See 
1763.) 

1756. William Ilutton opened the first paper ware- 
house in Manchester, England. 

1756. The first attempt to manufacture paper of straw 
was now made in Germany, and Avas induced by the 
scarcity of rags. A treatise was printed on the subject, 
giving a plan for reducing all vegetables into pulp, and 
bleaching the same. 

1757. An edition of Yirgil was printed by Baskerville 
in England, principally upon what the French term papier 
velin. It was an English invention, and this was the 
first work printed upon it. 

1759. Until this period rags were reduced to pulp 
by means of stampers, a slow process, requiring con- 
siderable motive power ; to remedy this, cylinders with 
sharp steel blades for tearing the rags (invented in 
Holland, where the Avind-mills, then used for propelling 
machinery, Avere found inadequate to put these stampers 
in regular and constant motion), began to be used in 
other countries. 

1760. The first paper-mill in New England, which is 
supposed to have been stopped for want of a workman 
to carry it on, was revived by a citizen of Boston, 
who obtained a furlough for a British soldier, stationed 
there, long enough to put the mill in operation. 

1760. The making of paper in England had scarcely 
reached any high degree of perfection until this time 



27 

when the celebrated James Whatman established his 
reputation at Maidstone. lie had visited the most 
celebrated paper-mills in Europe, ■which enabled him 
to acquire a great celebrity in his profession, and his 
successors have maintained the reputation of the estab- 
lishment to the present time ; a medal having been 
awarded them at the World's fair in 1851. 

1762. Gerardus Meerman, a Hollander, -who wrote upon 
the origin of printing, offered a premium of twenty-five 
ducats to discover the time of the first manufacture of 
linen paper. Specimens were sent to him from different 
countries, which were claimed to be linen ; but all his 
researches were lost and reduced to an uncertainty, 
through the existing remnants of cotton paper, which 
was in use some centuries before linen, because the two 
are in many respects similar, and cotton and linen rags 
may have been at first mixed ; it was therefore rendered 
more difficult to ascertain when the first paper was made 
from linen rags alone. 

1763. The Royal Society of Sciences at Gottingen 
renewed their premiums of 1755 for the discovery of 
the period of the introduction of paper. 

1765. Jacob Christian Schaffers, of llatisbon, published 
a work in octavo, upon the different sorts of paper which 
he could make without the use of rags, giving specimens, 
among which were the cotton du peuplier, hornets' nests, 
saw dust, moss, beech, willow, aspen, mulberry, clematite, 
and pine ; with hop vines, the peelings of grape vines, 
hemp, the leaves of aloes, and lily of the valley; with 
arroche, moth-wort, masse d'eau, barley straw, cabbage 
stumps, thistle stalks, burdock, conferva, wheat straw, 
broom corn, and Bavarian peat. (See 1772.) 

1768. Christopher Leffingwell began to make paper 
at Norwich, Connecticut, about this time, and was en- 
couraged by the legislature with the promise of a bounty. 



28 

176S. Such was the reputation of the paper fabricated 
in Holland, that the French Academy of Sciences at 
Paris, sent Demarets to that country for the purpose of 
visiting the mills and studying the process. 

1769. It was announced in the Boston JVews Letter that 
" the bellcart will go through Boston before the end of 
next month, to collect rags for the paper-mill at Milton, 
when all people that will encourage the paper manu- 
factory may dispose of tbem.'' 

" Rags are as beauties, wluoli concealed lie, 
But wlien in paper how it charms the eye ; 
Pray save your rags, new beauties it discover, 
For paper truly, every one's a lover : 
By the pen and press such knowledge is displayed, 
As wouldn't exist, if paper was not made. 
Wisdom of things, mysterious, divine, 
Illustriously doth on paper shine." 

1770. Christopher Leffingwell, Avho was manufacturing 
paper at Norwich, Ct., under the official encouragement 
of 2d a quire on all good writing paper, and \d a quire 
on all printing and common paper (see 176S), now 
received a bounty on 4,020 quires of writing paper, and 
10,600 quires of printing paper, after which the govern- 
ment patronage was witbdrawn. 

1770. There were eleven large paper-mills in Uolland 
in which wind-mills were used to drive the cutting and 
grinding engines, wbicli performed more labor in an hour 
than the Gernuin water-mills with the stampers would do 
in six hours. In Saardam 1000 persons were employed 
in paper-making. They imported nine-tenths of their 
stock; but exported great quantities of paper.' 

1770. In the states of Pennsylvania, Nev/ Jersey and 
Delaware there w^ere forty paper-mills, which were sup- 
posed to make ^£100,000 worth of paper annually. 

1772. A book was printed in Germany, containing 
upwards of sixty specimens of paper, made of different 



29 

materials, the result of one man's experiments alone. 
The author was Jacob Christian Schaflers,* and a copy 
is in the Smithsonian Institution Library. 

1774. Scheele discovered a gas now known as chlorine, 
which, in combination with lime, came to be employed 
in bleaching paper to a very great extent. 

1775. There were, at the breaking out of the revolu- 
tion, three small paper-mills in Massachusetts ; in New 
Hampshire none ; and one in Rhode Island out of repair. 
The paper which these mills could make fell far short 
of the necessary supply. Paper, of course, Avas very 
scarce, and what could be procured was badly manufac- 
tured, not having more than half the requisite labor 
bestowed upon it. It was often taken from the mill 
wet and unsized. The people had not acquired the 
habit of saving rags, and stock for the manufacture of 
paper was obtained with great difficulty. Everything 
like rags was ground up together to make paper, Avliich 
accounts for the peculiar colors often observed in the 
paper of this time. 

1776. A volume Avas printed in France upon white 
looking paper, made from the bark of the linden (bass- 
wood), at the end of which were some tAventy specimens 
of paper, made from as many different kinds of vegeta- 
bles. But the poor quality of the fabrics and the cost of 
producing them seem to have discouraged the inventors. 

1776. Watson & Ledyard, having a paper-mill at East 
Hartford, Ct., Avholly supplied the press at Hartford, 
Avhich published about 8000 papers Aveekly, as AA^ell as 
the greater part of the Avriting paper used in Connecti- 
cut, and much of that used by tiie continental army. 

* This work of Scliaffers, prcdiger zu Rcgcnsburg, is entitled Samtnt 
lichc Papiervcrsiichc. It seems to have been the second work by this 
author on the subject (see 17(55). Ratisbon is the more common name 
for the ancient city of Regensburg. 



30 

1777. The French Academy of Sciences sent a second 
deputation to Holland to visit the paper-mills and learn 
the process by which their fine pa^^ers were produced. 

1779. j\r. Didot, the noted Parisian printer, having 
analyzed the vellum paper of the English, addressed a 
letter to M. Johannot d'Annonay, a French paper-maker, 
inviting him to attempt a similar fabrication, which was 
successfully made by him. (See 1781.) 

1779. There were ten paper-mills in the neighborhood 
of Edinburgh. 

1781. M. Didot, of Paris, having in 1779 encouraged 
M. Johannot d'Annonay to attempt an imitation of tlio 
English vellum paper, received from that manufac- 
turer a quantity of the desired fabric, which procured 
for the latter a gold medal from the king, Louis XVI. 
It is known among the trade as papier velin. 

1781. The scarcity of paper in New York at this time 
was so great that the journal of the second session of 
the assembly was not printed, the printer being unable 
to procure the necessary pa2:)er. 

1781. Stockholm imported 18,579 reams of paper. 
The kingdom of Sweden had no more than twenty-four 
paper-mills at a period about twenty years later. 

1782. Hamburgh imported 80,000 reams of paper. 
The city had but two paper-mills of two vats each, 
which consumed about 60,000 pounds of rags in making 
a dark purple paper for sugar bakers. 

1784. The value of the paper manufactured in Eng- 
land was reported at .£800,000, the excise on which 
was nearly ^£46,868. 

1784. It was advertised in Albany that rags were 
wanted at the printing-ofSce and paper-mill at Benning- 
ton. 

1785. According to Count Ewald von Hartzberg there 



31 

were in tlie Russian dominions 800 (?) paper manufacto- 
ries, the revenue from which was $200,000 annually. 

1785. The legislature of Massachusetts passed an "Act 
imposing duties on licensed vellum, parchment and 
paper." This was so unpopular that the same body 
found it necessary to repeal it. 

1785. A gentleman who had directed his researches 
to national industry stated that there were 400 paper- 
mills in Germany, which furnished 20,000 bales, of ten 
reams each, per annum. 

1786. The Society of Sciences at Philadelphia offered 
a premium for the best remedy to protect paper against 
insects, and another for the best method of making paper 
for St. Domingo which would resist insects. Several 
answers and samples w^ere received, all recommending 
to mix the size with sharp and bitter or other ingre- 
dients which might kill the insects. But they were all 
rejected. 

1786. The w^orks of the Marquis de Villctttc w^ero 
printed in London in 24mo, on paper made of marsh 
mallow; and at the end are specimens in single leaves of 
paper made of the nettle, hops, moss, reed, three species 
of conferva, couch grass, spindle trees, wayfaring tree, 
elm, lime, yellow willow, sallow willow, j)Oplar, oak, 
burdock, coltsfoot, and thistle. These experiments 
were made at the manufactory of M. Leorier, at Bruges, 
and served to show that paper could be made of a multi- 
tude of articles ; but they did not overcome the difiiculty 
which existed, and wdiich still exists, of disclosing a 
substance which should be more economical than linen 
and cotton rags. 

1787. The consumption of French paper-hangings in 
the United States was so great, that the French govern- 
ment took off the export duty. 



32 

1787. A patent was granted to one Hooper, of London, 
for a new method of manufacturing printing paper, parti- 
cularly designed for copperplate printing. 

1788. Mr. Greaves, of Warrington, England, made 
paper from the bark and leaves of willow twigs. 

1788. The Society for the Encouragement of Arts 
conferred a silver medal on a French manufacturer, for 
the production of forty-four quires of paper from the 
bark of the sallow tree. About 600 pounds of the raw 
material were used in the production of that quantity. 

1789. The paper-mill nearest to Albany was at Ben- 
nington, Vt., which depended for stock upon the cast-oif 
rags of the children of the Avilderness. The paper was 
frequently brought from the mill on horseback, and 
coarse and unbleached as it appears beside the poorest 
paper of our day, was of such value that it was cus- 
tomary to repair with paste the broken quires which 
always came with hand-made paper, so that no sheets 
were lost. There are several copies of the Albany Regis- 
ter preserved in a volume in the Albany Institute, which 
have undergone this process, and are so ingeniously done 
as not to be detected unless held u]3 to the light. 

1789. Homer, in his Bibliotheca Americana, informs us 
that at this time the people of North America manufac- 
tured their own paper, and in suflicient quantities for 
home consumption ; but that the price of labor was so 
high as to discourage publishing beyond their own laws, 
pamphlets and newspapers. 

1789. Neuerdings versuchte Gutermann im Serapeum 
der Stadt Ravensburg in Wurtemberg, die Ehre der 
Erfindung des Leinenpapiers zuzuwendcn." 

1789. The celebrated munitionnaire Ouvrard, son of a 
paper-dealer in France, perceiving tliat the revolution 
would give birth to a multitude of publications, con- 
tracted for all the paper which the manufactories at 



33 

Poitoii and Angonmois could produce in two 3'ears, by 
which he realized a hundred thousand crowns, 

1789. Was sold in London, the completest specimen 
known to exist of manuscript written upon papyrus, 
dated 572 a. d. 

1790; About this time the practice of bluing paper 
pulp had its origin. A paper-maker's wife, superin- 
tending the washing of some fine linen, accidently 
dropped her bag of powdered blue into the midst of 
some pulp in a forward state of preparation. The paper- 
maker beheld in great astonishment a peculiar color in 
his pulp, which his wife, perceiving that no great dam- 
age had been done, took courage to disclose the cause of. 
Being pleased with an advance of four shillings a bundle 
upon his improved paper in the London market, he pur- 
chased his wife a costly cloak, which he presented with 
much satisfaction to the sharer of his joy. 
. 1790. Samuel Hooper, of London, produced paper of 
various equalities from leather cuttings and refuse ]ia- 
per. 

1790, The annual increase of printing presses in (Jer- 
many, and the want of rags and paper stock, induced tlie 
manufacture of many more quires of paper from a hund- 
red weight of rags than formerly, which rendered the 
German printing paper very disagreeable. 

1792. A Mr. Campbell of England obtained a patent 
for a mode of bleaching rags for the manufacture of 
paper. 

1793. The first paper-mill in the northern part of the 
state of New York was erected at Troy by Messrs. Web- 
sters, Ensign and Seymour, in which from five to ten 
reams were manufactured daily. An earnest appeal was 
made by the proprietors to the patriotism of the ladies, 
who were invoked to aid domestic manufactures by the 
preservation of rags. They were besought to patronizo 

6 



34 

the saving of all kinds of linen and cotton rags, for 
Avliich would be paid at the mill, 3d for clean white, 2d 
for white, blue, brown and check, and a jjroportionate 
price for all other rags. 

1794. A paper-mill was Imilt at Fairhaven, A^t., by 
Col. Lyon, at which paper for wrapping was manufac- 
tured from the bark of the bass-wood tree. 

1794. A patent was granted to Mr. Cunningham of 
Edinburgh for an improved method of making paper. 

1795. John J>igg, of England, obtained a patent for 
a simple and effectual process for bleaching rags and 
other substances suitable for the manufacture of paper. 
It consisted in using manganese and sea-salt for the 
bleaching department, and also in the vat. 

1798. M. Louis Robert of France, a workman in the 
establishment of M. Didot at Essonnes, announced that 
he had discovered a way to make, with one man, and 
without fire, by means of machines, sheets of paper of 
a very large size, even twelve feet wide and tifty feet 
long. 

1799. The largest paper-mill in France was at Montar- 
gis, having thirty vats, requiring 1,620,000 pounds of 
rags, and 135,000 pounds of size. Another atVougeot 
had twelve engines and twenty vats. The capacity of a 
mill in those times was computed by the number of vats 
it contained, handwork usually requiring a vat to each 
jngine. 

1799. The revenue from the excise duty on paper in 
England amounted to .£140,000. The importation of 
rags from the continent was 6,307,117 pounds. It was 
estimated that twenty-four millions pounds of rags were 
annually manufactured into paper. 

1799. Tlie first attempt to produce paper in an end- 
less web was successfully made in France by M. Eobert 



35 

at the paper-mill of Francois Didot, and a patent was 
procured for the same this year. 

1800. The first paper-mill in Columbia county, N. Y., 
was transformed from a flour-mill on the upper great 
fall of Stuyvesant falls, by Elislia Pitkin. Its capacity 
was one vat. 

1800. The marquis of Salisbury presented to the king 
of England a book printed upon paper manufactured of 
straw, which treated of the manner in which the ancients 
employed different materials to [)erpetuate the remem- 
brance of events before the invention of paper. 

1800. Was printed by Burton, of London, a historical 
account of the substances which have been used to de" 
scribe events, and to convey ideas, from the earliest 
date to the invention of paper ; printed on the first use- 
ful paper manufactured only from straw. 

1800. The duty on paper manufactured in England 
was je3 15,802. 

1800. The government of France awarded Louis Ro- 
bert, the inventor of the paper machine, 8000 francs, in 
consideration of the usefulness of his invention, and a 
patent for fifteen years ; but the troubles in Avhicli 
France was involved caused delay in the necessary 
experiments, which were both tedious and expensive, 
and permission was given to carry over tlie small work- 
ing model to England, with a view of getting the benefit 
of British capital and mechanical skill to bring it into 
an operative state on the great scale. 

1800. A successful experiment was carried out in 
England by Matthias Koops, by Avhich 700 reams of clean 
and white paper were turned outweekl}^ from old waste 
and written and printed paper alone, which had previ- 
ously been thrown away. 

1800. A paper-mill at Jaroslow% in Russia, with 
twenty-eight engines and seventy vats, manufactured 



36 

1100 reams of paper weekly, and consumed 800 tons of 
rags annually ; and another of thirteen engines and 
thirteen vats ; they made j^aper-hangings principally 
for Moscow. 

1800. There were upwards of 200 paper-mills in Spain, 
of Avhicli thirty-one were at Alcoi, and it was said that 
one Francisco Guarro manufactured paper as good as 
any Dutch. 

1801. M. Seguiu, an inventor of some note, obtained 
a patent in France for the manufacture of paper from 
straw, hemp and other vegetables, which he alleged 
produced an excellent quality of i)a})cr when prepared 
by his process ; but this was so lengthy and expensive 
that it was not encouraged by paper-makers. 

1801. John Gamble, an Englishman, who had accom- 
panied Leger Didot from Paris with Robert's invention 
for making an endless web of paper, obtained the first 
patent in England for that machine. Didot had agreed 
to pay Robert 25,000 francs for the patent and modeh 

1801. There were twenty-six paper mills in Russia, 
and notwithstanding the plenty of rags, the exportation 
of which was prohibited, they imported paper annually 
to the amount of 220,000 rubles. 

1801. The number of paper-mills in Germany proper 
Avas estimated to exceed 500, manufacturing two and a 
half millions pounds of paper annually. But they made 
principally coarse paper, the finer qualities being im- 
ported. 

1801. ilatthiasKoops succeeded in making " the most 
perfect paper from straw, wood, and other vegetables, 
Avithout the addition of any other knoAvn paper stuff." 
He printed a book on these fabrics, from which many 
of the facts here given have been gathered. He asserted 
that paper could be manufactured from any vegetable 
substance. He seems to have been the first to discover 



37 

a mode of extracting printing and writing ink from 
waste paper, and obtained a patent for manufacturing 
paper from straw, hay, thistles, waste and refuse of hemp 
and flax, and dilTerent kinds of Avood and bark, fit for 
printing and almost all other purposes for which paper 
is used. He claimed to have produced the first useful 
paper that had ever been made from straw alone. 

1801. There were 500 paper-mills in France, notwith- 
standing the diminution during a great number of years 
caused by the gradual decrease of export, arising from 
the activity with which the neighboring countries pur- 
sued the manufacture at home. These mills were sup- 
posed to consume annually twenty millions pounds of 
rags and coarse paper stuff; and that fourteen millions 
pounds of rags were annually exported, notwithstanding 
the severe prohibition. 

1801. Robert Bage, an English paper-maker, died. 
William Hutton, the celebrated bookseller and author 
at Birmingham, purchased nearly all the paper which 
Bage made during forty -five years. 

1802. A patent was secured in England ])y W. Plees 
for a mode of coloring paper pulp, which consisted of 
mixing Avith the pulp snuff, bran, hay, or any substance 
possessing the color which was desired to be imparted 
to the paper. 

1802. Several patents were granted at this time in 
England and France, for improvements in paper-making 
machines, most of which were of value, and caused more 
progression in the art than the substances offered for 
the production of paper. 

1802. Burgess Allison and John Hawkins obtained a 
patent for making paper of the husks of Indian corn. 

1802, M. Lozanna offered to the Society of Agricul- 
ture at Turin, a number of specimens of paper made of 



38 

the papus of the seratula ervensis, the carduus nidans, and 
of the bark of the erigerone of Canada. 

1802. The fourteen paper-mills at Alsace in France, 
which manufactured ahout 40,000 reams annually, ex- 
ported about two-thirds thereof to Switzerland and 
Germany. The manufacturers in Languedoc, Lyons, 
Guiennc, ]3retagne and Poitou wrought also principally 
for exportation. 

1S03. Mr. Jh-yan Donkin, after nearly three years of 
intense application, succeeded in producing a self-acting 
machine on the plan of M. Robert of France. It was to 
him that Didot and Gamble, on their arrival in England, 
entrusted the attempt to construct the novel automaton. 
It performed in such a manner as to surprise every body. 

1803. The average yearly import of rags into Great 
Britain was 3111 tons for this and the two previous 
years. 

1803. In the cantons of Bern and Basil were several 
paper-mills, which manufactured paper so much admired 
for its strength and whiteness, that it tended to diminish 
the importation from France. 

1804. About this time William Baily began the erec- 
tion of a paper-mill on the river Chateauga}', above the 
town of that name, in Franklin county, N. Y. ; but it 
was never completed. 

1804. Peignot estimated the quantity of printing 
paper consumed in Paris annually at 228,000 reams. 

1804. The American Company of Booksellers offered a 
gold medal of the value of fifty dollars for the greatest 
quantity of paper, of the best quality tit for printing, not 
less than fifty reams, of other materials than linen, 
cotton or woolen rags ; and a silver medal of the value 
of $20, for the greatest quantity of wrapping paper, not 
less than forty reams, manufactured of other materials 
than those usually employed for that purpose. 



39 

1804. Messrs, Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, wealthy 
stationers and paper manufacturers of London, purchased 
the patents of Didot and Gamble in Robert's paper 
machine. It was by their improvements and extensive 
manufacture that the invention came to be called the 
Fourdrinier machine, by Avhich it is still known, on 
both sides of the Atlantic. Their first experiments 
were made at Boxmoor, where they erected a machine 
and pursued their experiments at great expense. 

1804. ^Ir. Donkin, since so celebrated as a paper- 
machine maker, put up his second machine at Two 
Waters, in England, which was completely successful ; 
and the manufacture of continuous paper became one of 
the most useful discoveries of the age. 

1805. Mr. Donkin, the builder of the Fourdrinier 
paper-machine, altered the position of the cylinders, so 
as to dispense with the use of the upper web, in improve- 
ment by which the machine was much simplified — the 
paper on the web being slightly pressed before passing 
through the pressing rollers — thus an all-important ad- 
vantage was attained. It was now capable of doing 
the work of six vats in twelve hours.* 

1805. It was about this time that the rice-paper of the 
Chinese, used for artificial flowers, was introduced into 
England. It was an item of the gossip of the day that 
the princess Charlotte paid seventy guineas for a bou- 
quet made of this paper, which is not a manufactured 
article, but a vegetable production, cut spirall}^ and 
afterwards flattened by pressure. It seems to have come 
from the island of Formosa originally. 

1806. Francis Guy, of ]5altimore, procured a patent 

* By the liaiid process it took tliree months to complete tht; paper 
ready for delivery, from the time of receiving the rags into the mill ; by 
the machine the paper may now be delivered the next day. 



40 

for paper carpets, which he cLiimed were equal to canvas 
floor cloths, much more beautiful and above 50 per cent 
cheaper. 

1806. The patentees of the Fourdrinier machine laid 
a statement before the public containing a comparative 
estimate of the expense attending seven vats, and that 
attending a machine em])]oyed upon ])aper sized in the 
engine, performing the same (pumtity of work as seven 
vats, at the rate of twelve hours a day. The expense 
of seven vats per annum was ^62,604: 12; a machine 
doing seven vats' work was j£734:I2; balance saved by 
the machine per annum, jE 1,870. The expense of making 
paper by hand at this time was 16.s'. per cwt. ; by 
machine, 3^ 6d. 

1807. The paper-mill of Nathan Benjamin at Catskil 
took fire by accident, and burnt, with a stock valued at 
$9,000. 

1807. Messrs. Fourdrinier stated before parliament 
that they had withdrawn from their stationery business 
the large sum of ^£60,000 to further the object of their 
enterprise ; so many difficulties did they encounter, in 
bringing the machinery to its then comparatively com- 
plete state, and so little encouragement or support did 
they receive from the paper manufacturers throughout 
the kingdom. The prices of their machines were from 
je715 to je]040. 

1807. Gen. Walter Martin, i)roprictor of the township 
of Martinsburgh, Lewis county, N. Y., erected a paper- 
mill, which was run by John Clark <fc Co. They gave 
notice that rags would be received at tlie principal stores 
in Upper Canada and the lUack lliver country, which 
(like many of the advertisements of the early paper- 
makers, both in England and America), was accompanied 
by a poetic address to the ladies, one stanza of which 
ran thus : 



41 

" Sweet ladies pray he not oflended, 
Nor mind the jest of sneering wags : 

No harm, believe us, is intended, 

When humbly we request your rags." 

1808. The Sultan Selim III was assassinated, and tlie 
printing office and paper manufactory which he had es- 
tablished a few years before, at Scutari, the Asiatic 
suburb of Constantinople, were destroyed. 

1808. John Gamble, who had superintended the con- 
struction and improved the paper machine in England, 
after losing both his time and money savings during 
eight years of irksome diligence, assigned over to 
Messrs. Fourdrinier, the whole right of his share in the 
patent to Avhich he was entitled under the act of par- 
liament, for improvements. 

1808. Van Veghten & Sou, who printed the Western 
Budget at Schenectady, issued their paper several weeks 
on a half sheet, alleging that they had posted to all the 
mills within thirty miles, without being able toin-ocuro 
a full supply, but only the promise of a sufficient quan- 
tity within two or three weeks. They took occasion to 
request the ladies to pack up all their rags, and send 
them to the office, where they would be paid three cents 
a pound ready cash. 

1809 Mr. Dickinson, an English paper maker of note, 
invented another method of making endless paper, 
which competed with the Fourdrinier machine. In- 
stead of the traveling wire-cloth, he conceived the plan 
of a polished, hollow, brass cylinder, perforated with 
holes, and covered with wire-cloth, which revolves over 
and just in contact with the prepared pulp, sucking up 
the water by rarefaction, and leaving the filaments 
sufficiently strong to be carried by the usual i)rocess to 
completion. 

1809. A paper-mill was erected near the Schoharie 

7 



42 

bridge, New York, on the Great western turnpike, by- 
Wood & Reddington, and was ready for operation in 
February. 

1810. M. Didot having failed to fulfill his obligations 
to Louis Robert, in the purchase of the paper machine, 
the latter instituted a suit at law, and recovered his 
patent. 

1810. The paper-mills in Massachusetts were con- 
structed for two vats each, and could make, of the vari- 
ous descriptions of })aper, from two to three thousand 
reams per annum. Such a mill required a capital of 
$10,000, and employed twelve or more persons, consist- 
ing of men, boys and girls. Collecting rags and making 
paper gave an emjdoynicnt to not less than 2500 persons 
at this time. The quantity gathered of rags, old sails, 
ropes, junk, and other substances of which the various 
kinds of paper were made, was computed to amount to 
not less than 3500 tons yearly. 

1810. Thomas estimated the number of paper-mills 
in the United States at 185 ; of which seven were in 
New Hampshire, thirty-eight in ]\Iassachusctts, four in 
Rhode Island, seventeen in Connecticut, nine in Ver- 
mont, twelve in New York, four in Delaware, three in 
Maryland, four in Virginia, one in South Carolina, six 
in Kentucky, four in Tennessee, sixty in Pennsylvania ; 
that they manufactured 50,000 reams of paper, averag- 
ing $3 a ream, and weighing about 500 tons; and 70,000 
tons of cheap book paper, at $3*50, weighing C30 tons ; 
111,000 reams of writing paper at $3, about 650 tons ; 
and 100,000 reams of wrapping at 83 cents ; besides 
paper hangings and a number of other articles sufficient 
for home consumption. 

1810. The Chevalier Landolina died in Sicily, an 
antiquarian who maintained that the ancients used the 
pith of the papyrus for the purpose of making paper ; 



43 

and supported his opinion by ingenious experiments 
made Avitli a plant growing near Syracuse in that coun- 
try, and which corresponds to the description given by 
the ancients of the papyrus. 

1810. The census returned twenty-eight paper-mills 
in the state of New York, which manufactured 77,756 
reams of ])aper, the average value of which was three 
dollars a ream. 

1810. The second paper-mill in Columbia county, N. 
y., was erected at Stockport by George Chittenden, 
whose sons continue its operation. 

1810. The United States began to import rags largely 
from Europe. Previous to this the materials for paper 
making were procured in the country. 

1811. Edward Smith of London theorized on the pro- 
duction of paper from nettles and the threads of worn- 
out sacks ; originating many valuable suggestions rela- 
tive to the manufacture. 

1812. Gabriel Desetable of Caen, in France, presented 
specimens of paper made from straw by means of an 
instrument said to be so simple that any person who 
pleased could make paper equal to the most practical 
workman. 

1812. The number of paper-mills in the United States 
was computed to be 190. 

1813. Dr. Colquohoun estimated the value of paper 
annually produced in Great Britain at je2,000,000 ; but 
Mr. Stevenson, an incomparably better authority upon 
such subjects, estimated it at about half that sum. 

1813. It was announced that a discovery had been 
made of a method of preparing paper, on which, by 
writing with w^ater only, the impression would be as 
legible and durable as with ink. It soon proved to be 
unworthy of notice. 

18 13. A machine was patented in England for cutting 



44 

waste paper, &c., into shreds, preparatory to remanufac* 
ture. 

1813. The Fourdrinier machine was now so much 
simphfied, that instead of 5 men formerly employed 
upon one machine, 3 were fully sufficient without re- 
quiring that degree of attention and skill which Avere 
formerly indispensable. 

1815. The first paper machine was constructed in 
France. Although the idea of producing an endless 
wel) of paper was first attempted to be carried out in 
that country sixteen years before (see 1799), strange 
enough, this Avas the Fourdinier machine, invented by 
Louis Robert, which had been improved in England ; 
but it was very imj)erfect when compared with an 
English machine imported about the same time into 
France. 

1816. It was a day's Avork for three men to manufac* 
ture four thousand small sheets of paper, at this time, 
by the hand process. 

1816. A paper-mill went into operation at Pittsburgh, 
Pa., with a steam engine of sixteen-horse power, on the 
principle of Oliver Evans, which employed forty per- 
sons, consuming 10,000 bushels of coal and 120,000 
pounds of rags per annum ; and manufactured $20,000 
worth of paper annually. 

1816. Of a quantity of Bibles printed by the ]>ritish 
and Foreign Bible Society, one was found two years 
later crumbling to dust, although it had not been used, 
owing to the process used in bleaching the paper at the 
mill 

1817. Thomas Amies, a noted paper-maker of Phila-' 
delphia, produced a quantity of paper for the purpose 
of printing the Declaration of Independence, which Avas 
designed to surpass everything that had been attempted 
in that Avay in America. The mould and felts Avere got 



45 

i\p expressly for the purpose, the size of the sheet Was 
26x36 inches, and nothing was used but the finest linen 
rags. Each ream weighed 140 pounds, and the price 
was $125. 

1817. Thomas Gilpin & Co., paper-manufacturers at 
Wilmington, Delaware, put in operation a machine for 
making paper, at their mill on the Brandywine, which 
appears by the notices of it to have been a cylinder 
machine, and an American invention. It was stated that 
it would do the work of ten paper vats, and delivered a 
sheet of greater width than any other made in America, 
and of any length required. 

1817. Mr. Heath, an English pasteboard nianulac- 
turer, first introduced high glazing, now universally 
adopted ; but for many years his process was unknown. 

1817. E. B. Ball, an English paper-maker, obtained a 
patent for making paper by the combination of new 
floss silk, flax, hemp, and Russia linen. These substan- 
ces, under the visual process, were said to produce a 
white and durable paper. 

18 IS. Roger Didot, formerly a paper-maker in France, 
but at this time carrying on the business in England, 
obtained a patent for certain improvements upon the 
machine already in use for making wove and laid paper 
in continuous lengths or separate sheets. 

1818. The Prince of Wales Island Gazette was printed 
on paper which was said to have been made from rice, 
by which was probably meant rice straw. 

• 1818. The value of rags gathered in the United States 
w^as estimated at $900,000 per annum. 

1818. A bill was brought before congress to increase 
the duties on certain articles manufactured in America, 
among which were, paper for copperplate printing, or 
writing, 12^ cts. a pound, and on all other papers 10 cts. 
a pound. 



46 

1818. The first paper-machine was establislied at 
Berlin in Prussia. 

1819. The London Society for the Encouragement of 
Arts and Manufactures, awarded 30 guineas to Mr. 
Finsley, for the invention of ivory paper, which was 
said to possess a surface having many of the properties 
of ivory, and at the same time tlie advantage of a much 
greater surface than ivory can possibly furnish. 

1819, The paper-mill of Simonds, Case <fe Co., in 
Farmiiigton, near Canandaigua, N. Y., took fire from a 
kettle of coals placed in the drying room to force the 
process of drying a lot of paper which had begun to 
mildew. Loss $5,000. 

1820. Notwithstanding the great benefits derived 
b}'' the perfection of the Fourdrinier paper-machine 
and the immense quantity of paper produced by 
these machines, the old and tedious process of drying 
in lofts was still practiced. 

1820. M. Hu3''geron, of France, secured a patent for 
making paper from pure straw. The invention related 
to a process of frabrication ; however, a white and 
durable paper was the result of his improvements. 

1820. About this time machinery for the manufac- 
ture of paper began to be introduced into the United 
States from England and France ; but, being found ex- 
pensive, was not much encouraged. It is believed to 
have been first used by Gilpin, on the Brandywine. 

1820. Solomon Stimpson, of Putney, Vt., advertised 
that he had discovered the art of making green paper 
for writing and printing, the utility of which was " to 
strengthen and preserve the eye." 

1820. A patent was granted for five years by the 
government of Denmark, to the inventor of a mode of 
making paper from seaweed. It was claimed to be 



47 



whiter and stronger than the paper in common use, and 
cheaper. 

1820. The paper-manufacturers of Baltimore peti- 
tioned congress for a tariff of 25 per cent on foreign 
paper. Congress was at this time using English paper' 
although the Gilpins on the Brandywine, with a capital 
of half a million, were manufacturing ])aper which was 
claimed to be equally as good as the English, which 
they desired to furnish 25 per cent less, 

1820. The paper-manufactures of the United States 
were estimated at an annual average of three millions of 
dollars; and the cost of materials and labor at two 
millions ; employed 5000 persons, of which 1700 were 
males over 16 years of age, and the rest women and 
children. 

1820. The paper-makers of Pennsylvania and Dela- 
ware, petitioning congress for a tariff on paper, say that 
in their district there were 70 paper-mills with 95 vats 
in operation until the importations after the war, since 
which they had been reduced to 17 vats. When paper 
was taxed ; the amount paid by a vat was from $200 to 
$250. That these establishments cost about $500,000, 
and had employed 950 persons, consuming 2600 tons of 
rags, and producing paper to the amount of $800,000 
annually. 

1821. M. Janbeaurt, an inventor, of j\Iarseilles, ob- 
tained a patent in France for the production of paper 
from beaten hemj) and Hquorice wood, which were 
reduced to a pulp, and prepared for paper in the usual 
manner. 

1821. A very useful improvement was added to the 
paper machine by T. B. Crompton, of England, who 
obtained a patent for drying and finishing paper by 
means of a cloth against heated cylinders, and tho 



48 

;i|)))]ic!iti()ii ()(■ ;i piiii- of slicais io ciiL llio i)i)])or ofT into 
miiliiltlo loiigilis, as it issiR'd IVoiii llic iiiacliiiie, or 
rollcis. 'J'hc paj)cr was much better iiiiislicd and cut 
than had l)cen found ])ossihlo until lliis impi-ovenicnt. 

1821. A [lapcr-niill conlainini;' two vats, was doslroyed 
by firo at Ksjierancc, Schoharie counly, N. Y., owned by 
llcnry W. Starin. 

1822. Tho IMiihidelpliia publisliers consumed ;}0,000 
rcains of i)a|u'r in print ini;- \U'0<,^s Cli/clopedia. It was 
tho hirgest worU in th(^ FiUglish hin<j;uag'e. 

1S22. Tlie paper-iiiai<ers united with the j)rintcrs and 
bookscMers in nu'nioriah/-injj; congi'ess not to reihico the 
(bity on iiujioi'led bot)ks, stating liiat the cash vahie of 
books manufactured in this country was considerably 
more than a niilbon of dollars annually, every article 
used in which was niannfact urcd here, and a very im- 
portant item, rags, of no \alue whatever, except for this 
l)urposo. 

1822. All extensive j)ai)er-mill on Uronx i-iver. Now 
York, owned by David Jjydig, was destroyed by lire, 
Avith all the machinery and a largo quantity of paper 
stock. II was insured for $32,000. 

1823. A roll of papyrus measuring eleven inches in 
lensrth and live in circumfei-ence Avas discovered in the 
island of Elcphanta, in the East Indies. It contained a 
poi'lion of the llliad written in large capitals, such as 
were in use during the time of the J'lolemies and inidcr 
the earlier Ixoman empeiors, 

1823. It was complained by the newspapers that con- 
gress was using paper Avith a French Avater-mark, 
'"'■ A'^apolcon cmpcreur ct roi, 18 J 3." 

1823. There Avere 192 ])a})er-merchants in franco. 

1823. France possessed only one manulactoi-y of the 
papier continue, that of ^I. C'ansi)n, at Annonay, who had 
one of the Fourdrinier machines, made in England. 



49 

1823. A [);n)er-inill -was erected in Eii^-laiid lor the 
purpose of niainiracluriii^' jtapei- I'roiii old sacks, I'opea, 
<fec. The [)a[)ei' jn'odiiced was used I'oi- wi-apjiiiii;- j)iii-- 
poses. 

1824. },]. Laferct, ol' Fraiu^e, oMaiiied a- patent for 
making paper ol" beaten iienip, nuieoi'ated in Avater. 
The Ju[)anese macerate the same substance in lime- 
water. 

1824. J. Mcdnaran ])a,tented in I'hi,L;"land a mode oP" 
producing ])aper IVom ho[) vines, which was ol'a dusk^'- 
brown color, and cnii)loyed for wrapping. 'I'he vin(!s 
were immersed in water, by which the rind was sc|>a- 
rated from the woody portion, when it was cut in small 
pieces and sent to the engine. 

1824. A. Nesbit j)rocnred a patent in l-higland lor a 
modi! ol' ])rodncing ])aper From moss, which alVordcd u 
})nlp suitable for the manufacture of coarse paper. 

1824. A beautiful jiaper was produced by the .lapan- 
ese at this time from the niulbeia-}' ti'ce, which w;is also 
of an excellent (pndity. Jt was prepared for manufac- 
ture in the usual maimer. 

1824. Louis fjambert, a Frenchman, took out a patent 
in Kngland for certain improvements in the material and 
manufacture of papei*. 'fhey consisted in I'educing 
straw to pul[) and extracting the coloring and olhei* 
deletei'ious matter, so that it could be introduced into 
the oi'dinai'y rag engine, and cm]>loyed in making paper. 

1825. William Van Jlouten, a Jlollandei", had a i)atent 
taken out in England, for a mode of mamd'acturing moss 
into |)aj)er and felt. Wo had patentetl the same in 
France; a year earlier. 

1825. One of the ])aper-mills ludonging to ]\Iessrs. J. 
& J. (lilpin, on IIk' Ihandywine, was destroye<l by fire. 

1825. Messrs. I). &, .1. Ames, Springfield, iXfass., were 
said to have the most extensive paper-manufactory in 
8 



50 

the United States; employing 12 engines, and more 
than 100 females, besides the requisite number of males. 

1825. Specimens of brown wrapping and bleached and 
unbleached Avriting papers were exhibited in Boston, 
wliich were manufactured in England from pine shav- 
ings. The fabric was said to be firmer than that of any 
paper manufactured from the ordinary materials, 

1S26. A letter from Paris states that "There is much 
talk here about a new sort of i)aper, made of hemp 
stock, which is to be so cheap that a handsome octavo 
volume of 480 pages, manufactured of it, may be sold 
for about 1 shilHng, 2 pence half-penny sterling." 

1826. About this time a ^Ir. Sharp took out a patent 
in England for a mode of manufacturing paper of pine 
shavings. He had a mill at Hampshire. 

1826. M. Canson, of France, applied to the Fourdri- 
nier machine the principle of Mr. Dickinson, of England, 
of rarefying the air below the surface of the "vveb, (see 
1809) by means of suction pumps; an improvement 
which he kept secret for six years. 

1826. M. Firmin Didot introduced into his mill at 
Mesnil, the drying process invented by Mr. Crompton, 
of England, which was the first employment of it in 
France. 

1826. The first machine for making paper that was 
put up in Denmark, was built tliis year by Messrs. Don- 
kin, of England. The first paper-mill in that country 
had been established at Fredericksburg by order of 
Christian III. 

1826. There were 80 printing offices in the city of 
Paris besides the government establishment, which con- 
sumed 280,800 reams of paper annually. 

1827. Messrs. Canson Brothers, paper-makers of An- 
nonnay, in France, obtained a patent for a method of 



1 



51 

sizing paper. With respect to sizing macliluc-made 
paper, it is well known that sizing in the vat offers 
many advantages ; but as a gelatine can not be em- 
ployed without injury to the felt during the process of 
manufacturing paper, substitutes for gelatine were de- 
sirable. The base used by M. Canson was wax. ^I. 
Delcambre in the same year made another, the base of 
which was rosin. 

1827. Mr. Obry conceived a plan of using alum and 
rosin previously dissolved in soda, and combining it 
with potato starch, for the purpose of sizing paper in 
the vat, which is the method now generally followed in 
France for writing and printing papers. 

1827. MM. Firmin Didot Brothers and Lefevre estab- 
lished the first paper-machine, under a patent of im- 
portation, in Sicily. 

1827. AVhite & Gale, of Vermont, obtained a j^atent 
for a mode of finishing paper. 

1827. Louis Pierre Poisson, of Paris, obtained a 
patent in France, for a process of making paper of 
liquorice root and pasteboard scra])s ; Avhicli were 
mixed together, macerated, and converted into paper 
in the usual manner. 

1827. Pierre IJalilliat, of Macon, in France, obtained 
a patent for a chemical substance to substitute for linen 
rags in the manufacture of paper. 

1827. A ])atent was granted to the Count de la Garde 
in England, for a method of making paper of various 
descriptions, from the bullen or ligneous parts obtained 
from certain textile plants, which were prepared by a 
rural mechanical brake ; which substances were to be 
used alone in making paper, or mixed with other suita- 
ble articles, such as refuse paper and rags. 

1827. Benjamin Devaux, of Paris, obtained a patent 
for a mode of making paper and pasteboard of hemp. 



52 

1827. William Van Houten made experiments with 
mosSj and succeeded in producing paper from it. He 
had taken out patents in England and France two years 
before. (See 1825.) 

1827. There were but four paper-machines in France, 
although they had now been in use in England about 
twenty-five years. 

1828. "William Magaw, of Meadville, Pa., obtained a 
patent for a mode of preparing hay, straw, or other 
vegetable substances in the manufacture of paper ; it 
was represented as being of a yellow color, but even and 
strong, and receiving the ink as well as common writing 
paper. 

1828. Paper was made at Chambersburg, Pa., from 
straw and blue grass according to a patent obtained by 
William Magaw. The paper was said to be firm and 
strong, and that machinery was being constructed suffi- 
cient to make 300 reams a day. 

1828. It was estimated that the newspapers printed 
in New York consumed 15,000 reams of paper a year, 
worth from four to five dollars a ream. And that the 
newspapers in the whole United States required 104,400 
reams, the cost of which was $500,000. 

1828. Thomas Bonsar Crompton and Enoch Taylor 
obtained a patent in England for a mode of cutting the 
Aveb of paper lengtliwise, in slips of any required width, 
by means of revolving circular blades. 

1828. James Palmer, an English paper-maker, obtained 
a patent for the invention of certain improvements in 
the moulds, machinery or apparatus for making* paper. 

1828. George Dickinson, an English paper-manufac- 
turer, obtained a patent for improvements in paper- 
making machinery, which came into extensive use. 
The lateral shaking motion of the wire web in the 
Fourdrinier machine, as originally made, was injurious 



53 

to the fabric of tho paper, by bringing its fibres more 
closely together breadthwise than length-wise, thus 
tending to produce long ribs or thick streaks in its sub- 
stance, Tiiis he proposed to obviate by giving a rapid 
up and down inoveinent to the traveling web of })nl[). 
A similar contrivance was introduced by Mr. Donkin, 
in which the vibrations were actuated in a much more 
mechanical way. 

1828. Elisha Ha3^den Collier, of Plymouth county, 
Mass., obtained a patent for the invention of a mode of 
manufacturing paper from a marine production, called 
ulva marina. 

1828. Moses Y. Beach, of S])ringfiekl, Mass., invented 
a machine for cutting rags in the manufacture of j)aper, 
for which he obtained a patent. 

182S. Victor Odent, of Courtalin, in France, obtained 
a patent for a machine to manufacture paper witli eco- 
nomy and ease. 

1828. Prof. Cowper, of England, obtained a patent 
for a paper-cutting machine. As other machines were 
introduced, his ingenious arrangement ceased to be 
used, except as a model for others to improve upon. 

1828. Richard Waterman and George W. Ann is, of 
Providence, R. I., obtained a patent for a mode of 
making double paper. It consisted in bringing a sheet 
previously formed in contact with the stuff on the felt, 
and passing both between the press rollers. They 
claimed that any number of thicknesses might be 
treated in that way successfully. 

1828. T. B. Crompton and Enoch Miller obtained a 
patent for cutting the endless web of paper lengthwise, 
by revolving circular blades, fixed upon a roller parallel 
to a cylinder, round which the paper is lapped, and pro- 
gressively unwound. 

1828. This 21st November, says Cobbett, 1 have not 



54 

only received a parcel of paper, made of the husks of 
my corn, but have sent it to have printed on it the title 
page of this very book {Treatise on Corn). 

1828. Cyprian Prosper Brard, of Frejus, in France, 
obtained a patent for a mode of making paper from 
decayed wood, which was converted into pulp, and 
mixed with old waste pajoer. 

1828. Mason Hunting, of Watertown, Mass., obtained 
a patent for an improved top press-roller, by means of 
which paper of any thickness might be made by a single 
and simple operation. 

1828. A patent was taken out in France by Bernadotte 
and others, for a mode of making paper of animal sub- 
stances, called aporentype. 

1828. A mode of sizing, glazing and beautifying paper 
was patented in England, which consisted of the use of 
a fluid compound of alkalies dissolved in water, with 
beeswax and alum. 

1828. Marsden Haddock, of New York, obtained a 
patent for a machine to manufacture paper in the sheet 
by the dipping process. It seems to have been a mode 
of dipping faster than by the old hand process. 

1829. William Debit, of East Hartford, Ct., obtained 
a patent for a machine for cleansing rags and preparing 
them for use in the manufacture of paper. 

1829. John Dickinson, an English paper-manufac- 
turer, obtained a patent for a new improvement in the 
method of manufacturing paper by machinery, and also 
a new method of cutting paper and other materials into 
single sheets or pieces by means of machinery. He 
also announced an improvement in the manufacture of 
paper, which consisted of introducing cotton, flaxen, or 
silken thread, web or lace into the paper, in such a way 
as to form the inner part. 

1829. John W. Cooper, of Washington township, 



55 

obtained a patent for an improvement in the art of 
making Avhite paper from rags of cotton, linen or silk, 
be their colors ever so various, and of extracting from 
all kinds of rags all kinds of mineral colors, <tc., <tc. 

1829. Rondeaux & Hcnn patented in France a process 
of making paper from leather cuttings, mixed -vyitli 
refuse paper. (See 1790.) 

1829. ^Messrs. Sprague, paper-makers at Fredonia, 
New York, obtained a patent for a mode of making 
paper from husks of Indian corn. Their process -was, 
to 128 gallons of water, 10 quarts of good lime, or 6 
pounds of good alkalies, and 110 pounds of clean corn 
husks or flag leaves ; heat over a moderate fire two 
hours, when they will be ready for the engine. 

1829. Louis Bomeisler, of Pliiladelphia, obtained a 
patent for making from straw, white and handsome 
writing paper. From 120 pounds of straAV, after the 
knobs were cut o(l', he claimed that he could produce 
100 pounds of pulp, which would make fine, white and 
handsome writing paper, not before known or used. 

1829. Isaac Saunderson, of Milton, Mass., obtained a 
patent for improvements in the cylinder paper-machine, 
which obviated the defect of cylinder-made paper, the 
inequality of its strength when tried lengthwise and 
across, in consequence of the greater number of fibres 
running in one direction than the other, and a conse- 
quent want of that perfect interlocking which takes 
place upon mould-made paper. To clfect this improve- 
ment he introduced a horizontal wliii-l-whoel, and sheet- 
forming rollers, by which he was enabled to manufac- 
ture press papers, pasteboard and bandbox paper. 

1829. Reuben Fairchild, of Trumbull, Ct.^ obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the mode of manufactur- 
ing paper, the object of which was to obviate the defect 
in the paper made upon cylinder machines, in its being 



56 

oasily torn in one direction, in consequence of the fibres 
being mostly arrauged longitudinall}^ with the length of 
the sheet. The improvement was effected by what was 
called an agitator, a semi-cylinderical cradle of metal 
lying in the vat, and vibrating in the direction of the 
length of the cylinder. Culver & Cole, of Massachu- 
setts, applied at the same time for a jDatent for a 
machine identical in principle with the above, but after- 
wards arranged a mutual ownership. 

1829. The excise duty on paper in England amounted 
to je728,000. 

1829. M. Jullien patented in France a mode of manu- 
facturing paper from hay; also a process of coloring 
paper. 

1829. Paper Avas obtained from the maguey in Mexico, 
equal to that made of rags; and congress passed a law 
prohibiting the government from using any other paper. 

1829. Quirini obtained a patent in France for the 
production of pajier from straw and refuse pasteboard. 

1829. The paper-makers of Turin during this and the 
previous year, ])roduced various qualities of paper from 
willow twigs, poplar, &c., Avliich were extensively used. 
Schaffers had made the same experiment more than 
sixty 3'ears earlier. (See 1765, 1772.) 

1829. The French paper-makers sought for the Four- 
drinier paper-machine in England alone, and a French 
author makes the following painful acknowledgment for 
his countrymen : " La construction de ces machines, qui 
n'offre pourtant rien de dilHcile, est restee jusqu'ii ce 
jour exclusivement dans les mains des Anglais." 

1829. It is stated that a French paper-machine was 
introduced into Windham, Conn., which is now used in 
the best mills in that state. 

1829. Thomas Cobb, of England, obtained a patent for 
a mode of manufacturing tinted paper and embossing 



57 

during the process of making, by pressing the pulp 
between rollers or plates, engraved with suitable devices. 
He claimed to have invented a mode of producing an 
embossed surface, giving a beautiful effect to papers 
colored in the pulp, and not stained after the paper is 
made, as usual with paper-hangings ; and by which also 
silks, velvets, or other colored goods could be put upon 
the surface of paper, and when embossed produce a rich 
and beautiful appearance. 

1829. There were about 60 paper-mills in j\Iassa- 
chusetts, six of which had machines. They were all 
supposed to consume about 1700 tons of rags, <tc., and 
produced about $'700,000 worth of paper in a year. 

1829. M. Montgolfier introduced a new fabric called 
papier linge, for table-cloths and hangings, which was 
said to be as soft to the touch as the finest Bilesian linen 
but sold at Lyons for the price of mere piii)cr. They 
were made in imitation of silk, or stamped with the 
most graceful arabesques, and sold at four and five sous 
the French yard. 

1829. Straw paper was used for packing JViles's Weekly 
Register, which circulated to the remotest parts of the 
country, and was regarded as the best paper then made 
for that purpose, and was cheap. It was manufactured 
at Chambersburgh, Pa., at less than $2 a roam, imperial 
size, and was machine-made. 

1829. It was estimated that the quantity of paper 
manufactured in the United States amounted to nearly 
seven millions of dollars, and employed more than ten 
thousand pei'sons. The quantity of rags and paper- 
stock saved annually was computed to be two millions 
of dollars in value. 

1830. M. Brand, a French officer, made successful 
experiments in producing coarse paper from the pine 

9 



58 

tree, an account of wliich was publisliod in the Courier 
Francais of Nov. 27, 1830, issued in New York city. 

1830. At Whitehall mill, in Derhyshiie, Eng., a sheet 
of })aper was nianui'actuied which measured 13,800 feet 
in length, and 4 feet in breadth. 

1830. At the custom house in London, a duty of 
je2,200 was levied on rags; jE 1,400 on superior kinds of 
pa])ers for artists ; and ^£701,000 upon paper. 

1830. Wooster & Holmes, of Meadvillo, Pa., obtained 
a patent for an improvement in the mode of making 
]>aper iVom wood, by which one hundred pounds of wood 
sliDidd be productive of from live to eevcn reams of 
paper, according to their estimates. 

1830. Joseph K. Holmes and Lewis Wooster, of Ohio, 
manufactured paper of the lime and aspen, upon which 
an edition of the Crawford Messenger was printed. They 
also made wrapping paper and bookboard of superior 
quality. They had a process of reducing wood to 
shavings with great rapidity. But ]\Iagaw, who had 
obtained a patent lor making pa])er of " straw and other 
vegetable substances," chumed that their use of alkalies 
was an inlVingment of his patent, and the process was 
abandoned. 

1830. Kicliard Ibotson, of England, invented an apa- 
ratus for separating the knots from paper-stulf, which 
the sieves or strainers in use were inadecjuate to do 
eiVectually. It superseded the operation of picking the 
lumps from paper after it was made, which caused much 
damaged paper, and freed it from imi»erfections which 
caused serious damage to types and wood cuts. 

1830. About this time JNlessrs. Phelps and Spafford, 
of , Ct., succeeded in constructing paper- 

machines which did good execution. 

1830. Kphraim F. and Thomas Plank, of the city of 



59 

Ng\V York obtained a patent for a composition called 
Icatlier i)a[)er. The art consisted of making paper from 
the rcCuse shavings or parings of leather, adapted to 
sheathing vessels. The process was the same as with 
rags. 

1830. John Hall obtained a patent in England for a 
modification of Dickinson's cylinder mould continuous 
paper-machine, communicated to him ])y a foreigner. 
The leading feature of the invention was a mode of 
supplying the vat in which the wire cylinder is im- 
mersed, Avith a co[)ious flow of watei', for the jjurpose 
of creating a considerable pressure ui)on the external 
surface of the cylinder, and therel)y causing llu; fibres 
of the paper-pulp to adhere to the mould. 

1830. John Wilks, an English machinist, improved 
the Fourdrinier machine by adding a i)erforated roller 
to facilitate the escape of the water from the pulp web? 
previously to its being subjected to the pressing rollers 
which was denominated a dandy. 

1830. John Dickinson, of England, patented a mode 
of making paper in two layers or strata, which were 
brought together on the second cylinder, and Ibrmed 
into a single suljstance, a mode chiefiy advantageous in 
producing thick paper. 

1830. A patent was granted to Thomas & Woodcock, 
of Brattleboro', Vt., for an improvement in the manu- 
facture of paper by means of a machine called a pulp- 
dresser. 

1830. Thomas Gilpin, of P]iiladelj)hia, obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the mode of finisliing 
paper, which consisted of calenders, or cylinders be- 
tween which the paper passed to give it a polished 
surface. 

1830. Thomas Barratt, an English paper-maker, ob- 
tained a patent for inserting the water mark and 



60 

maker's name to continuous paper, so as to resemble in 
every respect paper made by hand. It is to this inge- 
nious man that Ave are indebted for the improved means 
of finishing paper, owing to the perfection he attained 
in making cast iron rollers truer than was possible by 
the old mode of turning them in a lathe. This consists 
in grinding the rollers together, allowing merely a small 
stream of water to flow over them, without emery or 
any other grinding material ; and, by continuing the 
operation for many weeks, true cylinders are obtained. 
This is the mode now adopted in finishing rollers for all 
purposes requiring great accuracy. 

1831. Jean Jaques Jaquier obtained a patent for 
making continuous paper with wire marks, similar to 
the laid papers usually made by hand ; to which the 
preference was still given for their greater strength 
and peculiar appearance. 

1831. Frederick -A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., patented 
an improvement in making pasteboard or other paper 
intended for sheathing. 

1831. Edward Pine, of Troy, patented a machine for 
cutting paper made by cylinder machines, while it was 
wet. 

1831. George Carvil, of Manchester, Ct., obtained a 
patent for a mode of cleaning rags. His apparatus 
was a common screen, with or without pins and knives, 
having wings composed of thin pieces of wood or 
metal, affixed upon its outside, extending from end to 
end, in order to create a wind by their motion. 

1831. An impetus was now given to the manufacture 
of paper in the United States, by the recent introduc- 
tion of machinery, and changes in the mode of manu- 
facture, as Avell as the materials used. Old junk, rope, 
hemp, tow, bagging, raw cotton, cotton waste, colored 
and filthy rags, and other materials which had previ- 



61 

ously only been used in tlie making of coarser papers, 
were gradually brought into use for the finest grades, 
by the introduction of chlorine and other means of 
cleansing and bleaching, until they have risen 300 per 
cent in value. 

1831. E. N. Fourdrinier invented a very ingenious 
apparatus for cutting the web of paper transversely 
into any desired lengths, which performed its dut}-^ well. 

1831. Mr. Turner, an English paper-maker, obteaned 
a patent for a peculiar strainer, designed to arrest the 
lumps mixed with the finer paper pulp, whereby he can 
dispense with the usual vat and hog in which the pulp 
is agitated immediately before it is floated upon the 
endless wire web of the Fourdrinier apparatus. It 
could also be applied advantageously to hand paper- 
machines. 

1831. The chiffonniers, or rag-collectors, of Paris, rose 
against the police because it was ordered in certain 
municipal regulations, that the filth of the streets should 
be taken away in carts, without time being allowed for 
its examination by those diligent savers of capital. 

1831. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., introduced a 
wire cloth cylinder for carrying off the dirt and filth 
which is beaten from the rags in the engine, as a sub- 
stitute for the screens or washers then in use. 

1831. There were about 600 persons engaged in the 
manufacture of paper in Ireland. 

1832. James Sawyer, of Newbury, Yt., took out a 
patent for a machine for cleansing paper, called the 
piston pulp strainer, which differed in its mode of action 
from that of Tliomas L. AVoodcock. 

1832. Francis Goucher, of Pennsylvania, made an im- 
provement in the machinery for washing pulp, for 
which he took out a patent. 



62 

1832. Samuel Foster, of Brattleboro', Vt., introduced 
a machine for cleaning and dusting rags. 

1832. Nearly 12,000 quintals of paper were imported 
into Germany to supply the deficiency of its manufac- 
ture. 

1832. Thomas French, of Ithaca, patented a filtering 
machine, which was designed to supersede the pulp- 
dresser. 

1832. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the mode of sizing paper 
by machiner3^, and for a pulp-dresser. 

1832. M. Goumar received a medal of 200 francs 
value for a mode of neutralizing the acid in paper used 
for lithographic work. He simply passed it through 
lime water. 

1832. The excise duty on paper in England had 
increased nearly <£ 100,000 in three years, being <£8l5,- 
000. 

1832. It was said by the New York Journal of Com- 
merce, that the improvements of paper-machinery had 
been so great in five years, that though they used a 
sheet a quarter larger, it cost them a quarter less money. 

1832. Henry Brewer, of England, modified the par- 
allel rod-strainer of Mr. Ibotson, by constructing square 
boxes with gridiron bottoms, giving a powerful up-and- 
down vibration in the pulp-tub, by levers, rotatory shafts 
and cranks. 

1832. Joseph Amies, an English pajoer-maker, im- 
proved the paper-machine by a peculiar mode of con- 
structing the bottom of a strainer or sieve for arresting 
the knots and lumps in pulp. 

1832. Jarvis & French, of Tompkins county, N. Y., 
invented a mode of pressing paper by passing it between 
two hollow metallic rollers, which was used at the Falls 



63 

)reek mill at Ithaca, by wliicli the quality of the paper 
vas improved and much labor saved. 

1832. The manufacture of paper in the United States 
i-as estimated at $7,000,000 per annum, of which $3,- 
)00,0C0 was paid for rags, and $1,200,000 for labor. 
?he price of paper had declined from 20 to 25 per cent, 
vhile the quality had advanced in about the same ratio. 

1832. Coleman Sellers, of Philadelphia, obtained a 
)atent for a pulp-dresser, for separating knobs and all 
jross particles from pulp. 

1832. Mr. Towgood, of England, patented a paper- 
cutting machine, which dispensed with the reel and cut 
he paper as it came from the steam cylinders. 

1832. Frederick A. Taft, of Dedham, Mass., obtained 
, patent for paper designed for covering buildings. He 
nixed finely ground coal and sulphur in the pulp, and 
idded salt and lime to render it less combustible. 

1832. Samuel E. Foster, of Brattleboro', Yt., patented 
L mode of cleaning paper-makers' felts. They w^ere 
)assed over a perforated roller filled w'ith water or 
team. 

1832. The paper-mill erected at Martinsburgh, N. Y. 
see 1807), fell into ruin. It manufactured writing, 
vrapping and wall paper by the hand process, having 
10 machinery but an engine for grinding rags. 

1833. Henry Davy, of England, patented a rag-cut- 
ing and lacerating machine, the invention of a for- 
iigner, which consisted of an endless feeding cloth, 
vhich conducted the rough rags to a pair of feed rollers, 
)n passing through which they were subjected to the 
)peration of rotatory cutters; thence passed down an 
nclined sieve, upon which they were agitated to sepa- 
•ate the dust. 

1833. The value of paper exported from France was 
),323,261 francs. 



64 

1833. M. Tripot, of France, patented a process of 
manufacturing paper from seaweeds. 

]833. Howland & Griswold patented a mode of ap- 
plying the shearings or flocks of cloth, taken from the 
same in the manufacture thereof, for the purpose of 
covering the surfaces of papers, muslin, linen, leather 
and wood, for useful and ornamental purposes. 

1833. Sydney A. Sweet, of Tyringham, jSIass., in- 
vented a pulp-sifter, which was simply a sieve with a 
slight modification of similar machines. 

1833. The Penny Magazine of the Society for the Dif- 
fusion of Useful Knowledge, in London, consumed 14,- 
000 reams of paper a year. This required the constant 
working of two machines through the year. At the 
same time a paper-mill with one machine was held to 
carry on a notable business, requiring the labor of forty 
workmen. 

1833. Edmund Blake, of Alstead, N. H., invented an 
apparatus for sizing paper in the sheet, without hand- 
ling it in the usual manner, thereby preventing the lia- 
bility to tear, and facilitating the operation by sizing a 
much larger portion at once than could be done in the 
way ordinarily pursued. 

1834. Of an edition of 30,000 copies of a book pub- 
lished in England in 1818, it was said that not a perfect 
copy existed ; all of them having fallen to pieces owing 
to the process of excessive bleaching with chlorine, in 
manufacturing the paper. 

1834. The quantity of paper annually manufactured 
in Great Britain during the five years ending with 1834, 
was 70,988,131 pounds. 

1834. Clark Rice, of Watertown, N. Y., made an im- 
provement in the washers for paper engines, which con- 
sisted in the })eculiar manner in which the vellum or 
wire cloth is kept free from rags or pulp, in the various 



65 

stages of washing, and in which the egress of water is 
accomplished. 

1834. A French inventor patented a mode of produc- 
ing paper from the leaves of trees and the ligaments of 
asparagus. It was of no utility whatever. 

1834. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., invented an 
apparatus for cutting machine-paper into sheets of any 
required length, as it comes from the drying cylinders. 
He at the same time patented machinery for cutting or 
trimming paper in the ream, which was said to have 
been an old and well known contrivance. 

1834. Writing paper was introduced in England, 
which, by means of a chemical operation it underwent, 
became perfectly black where it was touched with a 
fluid. On writing with a pen dipped in water, a legible 
character was produced. 

1834. Joseph Truman, of Bridgejjort, Pa., conceived 
a mode of preventing the fibres, in the manufacture oJ" 
paper, from arranging themselves in one direction, as 
they were inclined to do. He did not seem to know 
Avhat had already been done to obviate that difficulty 
by the agitator. 

1834. A book was published this year in Sweden, the 
paper of which was made entirely of beet root. The 
paper was strong and durable, but not of a line texture, 
nor white in appearance. Paper was also manufactured 
in that country at the same time, of husks and of llussia 
matting. 

1834. There were about a dozen paper machines in 
operation in France at this time, mostly constructed in 
England. The}' were henceforth to afford the only 
mode of manufacturing paper which could be pursued 
without loss ; before which tlie ancient system of hand- 
work was rapidly to disappear. 
10 



66 

1835. Paper was made in Ireland from peat, but was 
of inferior quality. 

1S35. Hayti exported 31,192 pounds of rags. 

1835. William Debit, of Hartford, Ct., improved the 
common duster by a combination with it of a shaft and 
knives and beaters. 

1835. The Thibetans had a process of reworking old 
paper made from the bark of the Sultarua, which, how- 
ever, was inferior to the paper of the Hindoos, made of 
the same material. 

1835. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., took out a 
patent for an improvement in the machinery for manu- 
facturing paper, which seems to have been the manner 
of applying a drying cylinder to the machines in use. 

1835. The quantity of paper manufactured in England 
was 70,655,287 jjounds, on which the government duty- 
was ^838,822. 

1835. The royal printing office at Paris consumed 
about three hundred reams of paper a day, nearly a 
hundred thousand reams a year. 

1835. There were 750 paper-mills in operation in 
England, and the annual value of i)a|)er manufactured 
is stated by :\IcCulloch as high as $6,000,000. Paper 
was burdened with an excise duty amounting to more 
than three times as much as the total wages of the 
workmen employed in making it, and the quantity annu- 
ally produced did not exceed 50,000,000 pounds of first 
class, and 16,000,000 of second class paper, requiring a 
supply of about 100,000,000 pounds of rags. 

1836. James Brown, of Esk Mills, near Edinburgh, 
adopted a new contrivance for rarefying the air under 
the web of the ])aper-machine, by using a rectangular 
box transversely beneath the horizontal wire-cloth with- 
out the interposition of any perforated covering. 



67 

1836. Robert Rose's administrator, of East Hartford, 
Ct., patented an improvement in the paper machine, 
which consisted of a mode of sustaining the web of wire 
in a slanting position, so as to form the end and in part 
the bottom of the vat containing the stulf, which by 
draining tlirough the web was properly deposited on the 
web for the formation of the paper. 

1S36. The quantity of paper charged with duties of 
excise in the United Kingdom Avas 82,145,287 pounds, 
and 8,032,577 yards of paper-hangings. The amount of 
duty was jeS 12,782. 

1837. Edmund Shaw, of London, claimed to have 
made an improvement in the manufacture of paper, by 
the application of a certain vegetable substance not 
before used for that purpose. This was none other 
than the husks and stalks of Indian corn. He was aware 
that some attempts had been made to produce paper 
from these materials, and also that they were abandoned 
because of the failure to produce good white paper from 
them. 

1837. John Ames, of Springfield, Mass., patented a 
machine for sizing paper, without the use of feltings or 
jackets. 

1838. The gross amount of paper-duty in Great Britain 
for the year, ending on the 5th January, was ^£554,497. 

1838. J. V. Degrand, of London, obtained a patent 
for a certain pulpy product or material for manufac- 
turing paper and pasteboard. He claimed to use only 
while woods, such as poplars, and excluded every pos- 
sible bark or epidermis. 

1838. Homer Holland, of Westfield, Mass., obtained a 
patent for preparing the fibrous portion of corn husks, 
so as to be a suitable base for paper. His patent was 
for a process of macerating the husks in a solution of 
carbonated alkali, and then rendering the alkali caustic 



68 

by adding the hydrate of lime, leaving the fibre strong 
and capable of being perfectly bleached. 

1838. M. De Breza, of Paris, invented a chemical 
compound for rendering paper and other substances 
indestructible by fire, and for preserving them from the 
ravages of insects. 

1838. The quantity of paper imported into the United 
States during this year was $164,179; the quantity 
exported $94,335. The import of rags was $465,448. 

1839. The import of paper into the United States 
amounted to $186,418; the export was $80,146. The 
import of rags was $588,318. 

1839. Ilcnry Crosby of London, obtained a patent 
for manufacturing paper from refuse tan (after it had 
been used for tantiing, or any other purpose in wliich 
the fibre had not been destroyed), and hops. The latter 
substance was onl}' used in combination wath the tan (a 
species of bark) when it retained its fibre. These sub^ 
stances, when combined, were treated the same as rags. 
The claim of the invention was to the combination and 
products. 

1839. Mr. T. B. Crompton, of England, succeeded in 
producing a uniform rarefaction under the wire-cloth 
of the paper-machine, by means of a fan. 

1839. At the French exhibition of this year w^cre 
specimens of paper made of the leaves of the banana 
tree and similar plants, but the experiments showed 
great waste in converting them into paper. With a 
view of reducing the cost of carriage by freeing the 
substances from foreign matter, M. Rocques established 
powerful Avorks at Havana, to wash and convert them 
into pulp for the European markets ; but even in this 
state the absolute necessity of strong bleaching caused 
a waste of more than one-third of the original weight. 

1840. The number of paper-mills in England was 
computed to be 700; uearl3^80 in Scotland, and an incon- 



69 

siderable number in Ireland. About 27,000 individuals 
were supposed to be engaged in the trade in the United 
Kingdom, producing about £1,200,000 worth of paper. 

1840. Lagrange Bull, of Martinique, made known the 
invention of a paper pulji which was manufactured from 
the leaves of the banana tree. 

1840. The quantity of paper imported by the United 
States this year was $146,790; the export $76,957. The 
import of rags was $564,580. 

1840. Nothing, says Dr. Ure, can place the advantage 
of the Fourdrinier machine in a stronger point of view 
than the fact of there being 280 of them now at work in 
the United Kingdom, making collectively 1600 miles of 
paper, of from four to five feet broad, every day; that 
they have lowered the jjrice of paper fifty per cent, and 
that they have increased the revenue, directly and 
indirectly by a sum of probably .£400,000 per annum. 

1841. The rags used in the manufacture of writing 
paper in Great Britain were collected at home. But 
those used in the manufacture of the best printing paper 
were imported principally i'rom Italy, Hamburg, and the 
Austrian States, by the way of Trieste. 

1841. The United States imported paper this year to 
the amount of $60,193; and of rags $496,227. The 
export of paper was $83,483. 

1842. Es gingen zwar nocli ungefahr 10.000 Ctr. aller 
Gattungen, ganz altgesehen von den Papiertapeten, 
welche das Ausland noch znm grossen Theil liefert, ein, 
besonders nach Sachsen und Schlesien aus Bi3hmen, nach 
Baden aus der Schweiz, dafur aber auch iiber 12,000 
Ctr. wieder aus. 

1842. Der ZoUverein besass 950 Fabriken fiir Papier, 
worunter mindestens 50 fur Maschinenpapier; die Total- 
production ist, da alle Anhalte fehlen, schwer zu berech- 
nen, steigt aber alle Jahre, ohne der Consumtion voraus- 
zueileu. 



70 

1842. The United States imported paper to the amount 
of $92,771 ; and $468,230 of rags. The export of paper 
was $'69,862. 

1842. There were 356 paper machines employed in 
the mills of Great Britain and Ireland, having 372 vats. 

1843. James Phelps, of West Sutton, Mass., made 
improvements in the washing machine, wliich consisted 
of an adjustable, rotating water elevator and strainer, 
which could be raised or lowered in the vat of the wash- 
ing or beating engine. Also a rotating prismatic screen, 
or strainer, for straining the water from the paper-stock, 
in the vat of a washing or beating engine, in combina- 
tion with devices for discharging the strained water, 
being not only more efficient than a cylindrical screen, 
but also admitting of more ready repair. 

1843. The number of machines employed in the paper- 
mills of England, Ireland and Scotland, was 367, requir- 
ing 362 vats. 

1843. The United States imported paper to the amount 
of $19,997; and exported $51,391; the import of rags 
$79,853 : a great diminution in the annual business of 
these articles, owing to the enforcement of a new duty 
upon rags, which all'ected the paper trade also. 

1843. The English, although they made a sufficient 
quantity of most sorts of paper for their own use, and 
exported annually about jG 100,000 worth of books, still 
continued to import certain descriptions of paper for 
engravings, from France, and a small supply of paper- 
hangings ; the duty on both of which amounted to about 
^2800 a year. 

1844. There were 600 paper-mills in operation in the 
United States, giving active use to a capital of $16,000,- 
000, manufticturing at least a sum equal to its capital 
per annum, and atl'ording maintenance to at least 50,000 
persons. 



71 

1844. The amount of paper imported into the United 
States was $104,648, and ol' rags S295,5S6. The export 
of paper was $83,108. 

1844. The paper-mills of England, Scotland and Ire- 
land em])loyed 370 machines, and 359 vats. 

1844. The German Zollverein imported annually abont 
8000 thalers worth of gray blotting and packing paper, 
and exported papers of finer qualities, to the amount of 
more than 256,000 thalers. 

1845. The quantity of rags consumed in the United 
States was estimated to amount to $6,000,000. 

1845. There were 89 paper mills in Massachusetts 
which consumed annually 15,886 tons of stock, produc- 
ing 607,175 reams of paper, valued at 1,750,200, and 
employing 1369 workmen. 

1845. The amount of paper imported into the United 
States was $98,000; the export $ 106,190. The import of 
rags amounted to $421,080. 

1845. The number of paper-mills in Austria having 
machines was 40 ; the number working by the old pro- 
cess was 940. The total product was 314,000 quintals, 
selling at an average of 13 cents a pound. The number 
of persons employed was 12,000, besides rag sorters. 

1845. R. A. lirooman, of London, obtained a patent 
for producing paper from gutta percha, and an inter- 
mixture of other substances. The fibre of the gutta 
percha tree is said to be very strong. 

1846. The import of paper into the United States 
this year was $194,220; of rags $385,397, being 3*89 
cts per pound. The export of paper was $122,597. 

1846. The Thuringian States of Germany had 41 
paper-mills, with 53 vats, and employing 274 j^ersons. 

1746. E. F. Vidocq, of Paris, secured a patent for 
obtaining paper, by the usual process, from a combina- 



tion of leather cuttings, scraps, &c,, hemp, cotton, wool, 
oakum, and other substances. 

1846. There were in Prussia 394 paper-mills, employ- 
ing 6,393 workmen, and having 503 vats and 12 paper- 
machines. 

1846, Bavaria had 176 paper-mills, Avitli 257 vats 
and 11 machines, giving employment to 1884 workmen. 

1846. The number of paper-mills in Saxony was 66, 
having 68 vats, and 6 machines, giving employment to 
997 workmen. 

1846. There were in the Grand Duchy of Hesse 21 
paper-mills, employing 170 workmen ; having 18 vats 
and 1 paper-machine. 

1846. The Electorate of Hesse, belonging to the Zoll- 
verein, had 28 paper-mills, having 39 vats and 6 ma- 
chines, giving employment to 299 workmen. 

1846. Baden in Germany had 32 paper-mills, having 
33 vats and 14 machines, and employing 624 Avorkmen. 

1846. Xassau in Germany employed 196 persons iu 
the manufacture of paper ; having 27 mills, with 30 
vats and 6 machines. 

1846. The annual imports of paper by the German 
Zollverein was upwards of 9,000 Prussian dollars ; the 
exports $270,589. The exports were mostly fine papers, 
and the imports were of the coarser qualities. 

1846. Genoa exported 1,178 tons of paper to Mexico, 
Spain and the Brazils. 

1846. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
States from all countries was 9,837,706, of which 8,002,- 
865 came from Italy. The aggregate value was $385,- 
397, or 3-89 per pound. (See p. 71.) 

1846. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 127,412,482 lbs., of which 
4,836,556 pounds were exported. The paper-mills of 
those countries emplo3'ed 384 machines and 378 vats. 



73 

1847. Tlic quantity of" paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was ]21,965.315 lbs., of wliicli 
5,852,979 i)Ounds Avere exported. This gave employ- 
ment to 405 machines, with 373 vats. 

1847. The paper-machine had been so universally 
introduced into all the new, as well as the old vat-mills 
in the United States, that there were now only two mills 
of any note engaged in making paper by hand, and those 
were employed in producing particular sorts, requiring 
great strength and firmness. 

1847. Denmark imported about 300 tons of })aper 
from Belgium, France and other countries. 

1847. The Netherlands imported chiefly from Bel- 
gium and the ZoUverein, 219 tons of paper valued at 
$7,167*60. The importation of rags was 700 pounds 
only. The exportation of paper the same year was 148 
tons ; principally to Java. The exportation of rags 
was only 1200 pounds. 

1847. There were 66 paper-mills in the kingdom of 
Saxony, with 6 machines, enq)loying 992 persons. The 
exports and imports were trifhng. 

1847. The proprietors of the New Orleans Bulletin 
announced that they printed their paper on an article 
manufactured by themselves, at a mill in the third mu- 
nicipality, which they believed to be the only success- 
ful attempt to mamifacture pai)er so far south. 

1847. The quantity of {)aper numulactured in the 
United States at this time was computed at 18 millions 
of dollars in value per annum. 

1847. Two paper-mills were erected in Georgia this 
year, an event wliicli the editor of the Savannah Repub- 
lican remarked that a few years before he despaired of 
living long enough to see. 

1847. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
States this year was 8,154,886, of which 6,529,234 came 
11 



74 

from Italy; the aggregate value was $304,216, being 
3'73 cents per pound; of paper $195,571. The export 
of paper was $88,731. 

1847. The quantity of paper imported into Denmark 
this year was 334,000 kilogrammes, paying $13,020 
duties. 

1848. The import of rags from Denmark was 53,290 
pounds, amounting to $1,614. 

1848. The United States imported paper to the amount 
of $415,668 ; and of rags $626,607. The quantity im- 
ported from all countries was 17,014,587, of which 13,- 
803,036 came from Italy ; the average price per pound 
was 3^68 cents. The export of paper was $78,507. 

1848. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britian and Ireland was 121,820,229 lbs., of which 
5,180,286 })Ounds were exported. The nimiber of ma- 
chines employed was 407, with 367 vats. 

1848. Zenas ^I. Crane, of Dalton, Mass., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in machinery for cutting 
paper. Patents were also obtained for the same pur- 
pose hy George L. Wright, of Springfield, ]\lass.; by 
Mark Wilder, of reterborough, N. II.; by J. C. Knee- 
land and (Jeorge M. Phelps, of Troy, N. Y.; and Alonzo 
(iilman, of Troy, N. Y. 

1848. The importation of paper in Hamburg was of 
the estimated value of $239,568. 

1848. Leghorn exported rags and paper to the amount 
of 30,000 pounds, about half to England, and the other 
half to the United States. 

1848. Sardinia produced paper Avhich amounted in 
value to $2,400,000, none of which was exported. 

1848. Spain exported 140,000 reams of paper, to the 
following countries: Cuba, 94,000 reams; Chili, 16,- 
000 reams ; Porto Rico, 10,000 reams ; to other coun- 
tries, 20,000 reams. 



75 

1849. There were 74 paper-manufacturers in Belgium, 
employing 1893 persons ; 22 steam engines of 254 horse 
power in the aggregate ; 2 horse mills of 2 horses each ; 
68 w^ater mills, and 7 wind mills. The United States 
imported paper to the amount of $19,950 francs I'rom 
Belgium. 

1849. W. Brindly obtained a patent in England for a 
mode of rendering paper water-proof. This was ac- 
complished by saturating the web of paper as it passed 
from the machine, with linseed oil, and subjecting it to 
a high temperature until dried, by which it was ren- 
dered impervious to water. 

1849. Grimpe & Colas, of France, invented paper for 
bank notes, which was intended to defy fraud and for- 
gery. A committee of the Academy of Science had 
encouraged rival artists to make all possible experiments 
to test the infallibility of the paper, and no effort was 
spared to the accomplishment of that end, but without 
avail. 

1849. x\n Englishman invented a method of splitting 
paper. The Bank of England sent him a one pound 
note, much worn, to test his skill. He returned it in 
two sections. 

1849. The United States imported paper this year to 
the amount of $395,773 ; and of rags $524,755. The 
quantity imported from Italy was 11,009,668; the 
aggregate quantity brought from all countries was 14,- 
941,236, at an average of 2*51. The exports were 
$86,827. 

1849. The export of paper from Belgium amounted 
to .£36,040. 

1849. France exported paper-hangings to the United 
States, to the amount of 214,000 lbs.; and imported up- 
wards of 1,620,000 pounds of rags. The total export 
of i)apcr was over 9,250,000 pounds. 



76 

1849. Messrs. Chambers, of Edinburgh, petitioned 
parliament for a removal or reduction of the excise duty 
on paper, which was especially severe on low-priced 
books. 

1849. The im])ortations of rags and other materials 
into Belgium for the manufacture of paper, amounted 
to only 14.2 tons. Their exportations of paper were 
about $12,000. 

1849. Amos <fe Clarke obtained a patent in England 
for a strainer used in the paper machine. 

1849. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 132,132,660 pounds, of which 
5,966,319 pounds were exported. 

1849. Messrs, Amos & Clarke, of England, patented a 
paper-cutting machine, which obviated the ditHculty 
that grew out of the increased velocity of the ma- 
chines, by which the sheets were cut into irregular 
lengths. 

1849. The number of ])aper-nmchines employed in 
the mills of England, Scotland and Ireland, was 406, 
with 353 vats 

1849. The exports of rags during this year from 
Trieste to the United States were $9,656. 

1850. The German Zollverein consumed over 1,180,000 
cwts. of rags annually, in the manufacture of paper ; em- 
ploying 794 paper-mills, having 116 paper-machines, 
producing annually about 36,964 tons of paper. 

1850. Henry Pohl, of Paterson, N. J., improved the 
regulator, or pulp meter, to measure the quantity of 
pulp for Avebs of difterent thicknesses. 

1850. Specimens of paper Avere made in Algiers from 
the dwarf palm, which abounds in that country, and of 
which it was throught that four millions of quintals 
could be obtained every year, by causing it to be 
gathered by women and children, at a cost of about 18 



cents a hundred pounds ; which if beat into half stuff in 
its green state, woukl yield 36 per cent of its weight ; 
and dry, 50 per cent: and that two hours beating would 
be sufficient to render this half stuft" fit for making line 
paper. 

1850. M. Didot stated that there were 200 paper- 
machines in France, producing 195 tons each per year, 
making a total of 39,000 tons; and 250 vats, producing 
over 2,000 more tons per year ; being a gross amount of 
41,000 tons, of all the kinds of paper. A paper-machine 
occupied about 60 persons, and a vat 10. 

1850. The export of paper and stationery from the 
United States to foreign countries was not less than a 
hundred thousand dollars, 

1850. The number of paper-mills in England was 327; 
in Scotland, 51 ; in Ireland, 37. The number of beating 
engines in England was 1,374; in Scotland, 286; in Ire 
land 86. The number of machines employed was 412, 
with 344 vats. 

1850. A German named Evert, owning a large manu- 
factory in Neustadt Elberwald, invented an incombust- 
ible and impermeable paper, which he termed stone 
paper, suitable for roofing houses, not easily broken, 
and capable of being produced at a low price. 

1850. The amount of capital employed in the manu- 
facture of paper in the United States was estimated at 
18 millions of dollars; the annual product of paper, 17 
millions; the number of mills, 700; the inmiber of ope- 
ratives employed, 100,000. 

1850. The quantity of paper charged with excise duty 
manufactured in Great Britain and Ireland, was 141,- 
032,474 pounds. 

1850. The amount of duty paid on paper in Eng- 
land was ^£693,741 ; in Scotland, .£187,687; in Ireland, 
je44,096. 



1850. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 141,032,674 pounds, of which 
7,762,686 pounds were exported. 

1850. Great Britain imported 8,124 tons of rags, 
among which were 32 tons from the United States, and 
23 tons from Egypt. 

1850. The United States imported rags from nineteen 
countries. The quantity imported was 20,696,875 
pounds at 3*61 cents a pound. Of these 15,861,266 
pounds came from Italian and Austrian ports. The 
total value was $'748,707. Paper was imported to the 
amount of $496,563. 

1851. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 150,903,543 pounds, of which 
8,305,590 pounds were exported. The number of ma- 
chines employed in those countries was 413, with 330 
vats. 

1851. The United States imported rags of the value 
of $903,747, at 3-46 cents a pound. Of the 26,094,701 
pounds imported, 18,512,673 were from Italy. 

1851. There was exhibited at the World's fair in 
London, a roll of paper, being a continuous sheet 2500 
yards long. 

1851. The export of paper and stationery from the 
United States was to the amount of $' 155,664 for the 
year ending June 30. 

1851. It was estimated that there were produced at 
this time in Great Britain, 5,500,000 pieces of paper- 
hangings, valued at ^£400,000. 

1851. In the kingdom of the Two Sicilies there were 
12 paper-machines, and 12 vats, employing 300 persons. 
The whole produce amounted to 306 tons annually, and 
paper was exported to Rome, Sicily, Leghorn, Malta, 
the Ionian Isles, and Greece. 

1851. Messrs. Donkin & Co., of England, who per- 



79 

fccted the Fonrdrinier papcr-macliinc, constructed their 
191st machine. Of these 83 were made for Great Britain, 
23 for France, 46 for Germany, 22 for the north of Eu- 
rope, 14 for Italy and the south of Europe, 2 for America, 
and 1 for India. It was ]\[r. Bryan Donkin, who, as 
engineer, carried out the desired plans in perfecting the 
Fourdrinier machine, and produced, after intense appli- 
cation, a self-acting model, of which he afterwards 
constructed so many for home use and for exportation, 
which were perfectly successful in the manufacture of 
continuous paper. 

1851. The quantity of paper produced in Austria was 
stated at 650,000 cwts. per annum. There were 900 
vat-mills, and 49 mills using machines; two-fifths of the 
product of paper was from the latter, which were chiefly 
driven by water-power. 

1851. Brewer & Smith, who had made improvements 
in paper-moulds in England, patented the same in the 
United States. 

1851. The paper-mill belonging to the Goodman Man- 
ufacturing Company, at South lladley, Mass., was des- 
troyed by fire. The company had failed a short time 
before, involving a loss of $20,000. 

1851. There were 6 paper-machines in operation in 
Denmark, besides one in ITolstein, and 20 vats, })roduc- 
ing altogether about 1,312 tons per year. 

851. There were five paper-mills employing seven 
machines, in Sweden, and eight vat-mills. 

1851. There were 17 paper-machines in operation in 
Spain, which were imported from England, France, and 
Belgium; also 250 vats. The annual produce of paper 
is 4,741 tons. 

1851. There were 12 paper-machines and 60 vats in 
the kingdom of Sardinia. 



80 ■ 

1851. There were 20 paper-mills in Tuscany, and 2 
English machines at the mill near Florence. 

1851. In Switzerland there were 26 paper-machines 
and 40 vat-mills, producing together annually 11,607 
tons. The wages of the men are about 16 cents a day, 
and the women about 11 cents. No paper was exported. 

1851. 1'here were 6 2)apcr-machines distributed among 
four mills in the Lombardo-Venetian kingdom of Italy. 

1851. There were three paper-machines in operation 
in the Roman states. 

185 1. There was a paper-mill at Smyrna, having a 
machine, and a vat-mill at Constantinople, wdiich was 
all the Turkish empire proper afforded. 

1851. There was a paper-mill in Egypt, at Boulac, 
near Cairo, which was a vat-mill. 

1851. There w-ere 13 paj^er manufacturing companies 
in Lee, Mass., running 25 mills, and producing at the 
rate of about 25,000 pounds of paper per day, valued at 
$6,300, or two millions a year. 

1851. George West, of Tyringham, Mass., invented an 
improvement in the pulp strainer, which consisted of a 
better separater of the impurities by a strainer, operated 
upon by a bellows. 

1852. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 154,469,211 pounds, valued at 
two millions sterling, of which 7,328,886 pounds were 
exported. 

1852. The number of paper-mills at work in England 
was 304; in Scotland, 48; in Ireland 28; total 380. 
There were 1616 beating engines at work, and 130 
silent. 

1852. Sharp's Gazetteer states the number of paper- 
mills to have been 800, employing 30,000 w^orkmen ; but 
the Jury Report of the London Exhibition of Industry, 



81 



gives the number of mills as being only 415, including 
England, Scotland, and Ireland ; some of them were 
idle. 

1852. J. Mansell, of London, patented a mode of orna- 
menting paper, Avbicli consisted of imparting to it a 
resemblance to plain damask weaving, by passing it 
between plates. 

1852. Jean A. Farina, of Paris, obtained a pulp for 
the manufacture of paper from the plant called s^partum, 
or waterbroom, using both the stalks and roots. 

1852. Joseph Kingsland, of Saugerties, and Norman 
White, of New York, patented an improvement in the 
mode of drying sized paper. 

1852. There were exported from Cape llaytien during 
this year, 1436 pounds of rags. 

1852. G. W. Turner, of London, improved the paper- 
machine by the application of the endless wire web in 
combination with and passing round the cylinder, and 
taking the pulp up from the vat, carrying it forward 
and submitting it to the action of the dandy roller and 
pneumatic trough, taking the place of llie fixed wire 
web and endless felt, in the cylinder machine, and the 
wire web upon which the pulp flows in the Fourdrinier 
machine. Also for a mode of passing the paper through 
a trough of size, between two endless felts, obtaining a 
uniform and thorough saturation. 

1852. The export of paper from Germany Avas 40,000 
quintals, a country which twenty years earlier imported 
largely. 

1852. The prices of rags in England were: 

For 1st quality 26^ per cwt. 

2d " \i\s 

3d " lU 6d. 

4h " 7s. 

1852. The export of rags from England, had seldom 
12 



82 

exceeded 500 tons a year, but this rear no less than 
2462 tons, mostly British and Irish, were exported. 

1852. The United States imported rags from thirty- 
two countries, to the amount of 18,288,458 pounds, at 
3-46 cents a pound, amounting to $626,729. The con- 
sumption of paper was equal to that of England and 
France together. Of the supply of foreign rags 12,- 
220,570 pounds came from Italy. 

1852. The United States exported to foreign countries 
paper and stationery to the amount of $119,535, during 
the year ending June 30, 

1853. The value of rags imported into the United 
States from abroad for the year ending June 30, was 
$982,837, the quantity being 22,766,000 lbs., at 4-31 cts. 
Of this quantity 2,666,000 lbs. were obtained in Eng- 
land. Italy was the greatest source of supply, the 
quantity furnished being 14,171,292 pounds. Eags 
were imported from 26 different countries. 

1853. The value of paper and articles manufactured 
of it, imported into the United States for the year end- 
ing June 30, was $602,659, exclusive of books. 

1853. The export of paper and stationery from this 
country was $122,212. 

1853. The import of rags into Great Britain during 
this and the two preceeding years averaged yearly 
9,332 tons. 

1853. The quantity of paper manufactured annually 
in Great Britain during the five years ending with this 
year, was 151,234,179; which was an increase of 114 per 
cent in twenty years, while the whole population in 
that period had increased not more than 16 per cent. 

1853. It was estimated that in France about 70,000 
tons of paper were produced yearly ; in England 66,- 
000 tons ; and that the production in this country was 
nearly equal to both France and England. 



83 

1853. France, with a population of 36,000,000 turned 
into paper annually 105,000 tons of rags, of which 
6,000 tons were imported. Great Britain, with 28,000,- 
000 population, required yearly 90,000 tons of rags, of 
Avhich 15,000 were imported. The annual value of 
paper manufactured in Great Britain was estimated at 
$'17,760,000. 

1853. Watt & Burgess patented in England a mode 
of producing paper from wood. The wood was first 
reduced to shavings or line cuttings. They took out a 
patent for the same in tlie United States in the follow- 
ing year. 

1853. Brown & Mcintosh, of Aberdeen, invented hol- 
low moulds, composed of perforated metal, Avire, or 
other suitable material, covered with felt, within 
Avhich, after their immersion in pulp, a partial vacuum 
is created, so as to cause the pulp to adhere or be depo- 
sited on the felt surface in a layer of uniform thickness. 

1853. B. A. Lavender and Henry Lowe, of Baltimore, 
Md., produced samples of paper from southern canes, 
and from white pine shavings. They were sanguine 
that with pro])er apparatus, paper could be made of 
reeds, or wood, as the main staple, by their process, 
worth from 12^ to 16 cents a pound, at a cost not ex- 
ceeding 64 cents a pound. 

1853. The quautity of pajier manufactured in Great 
Britain and Ireland was 177,633,010 pounds, of wdiich 
13,296,874 pounds were exported. The imports of 
paper during the year was not far from 200,000 pounds ; 
the consumption therefore was about 5*40 pounds per 
capita of the population. 

1853. The value of paper imported into the city of 
New York was $340,824. 

1853. A German patented in England a machine for 



maniifacturinj]^ paper from wood. It planed and ctit 
the wood into small particles and shavings preparatory 
to being acted upon by the engine. The inventor 
stated that paper was manufactured in the cheapest 
manner from fir, pine and Avillow trees. 

1853. G. Still" obtained a patent in England for form- 
ing paper by using lime water in place of the ordinar}' 
alkaline solution, in making paper of straw, grass, and 
other materials. 

1853. The importation of paper into France did not 
exceed 337,104 pounds ; the exports were 17,053,667 
pounds. This gave 16,716,553 excess of exports. De* 
duct this amount from 156,800,000 pounds, the quantity 
manufactured, and we have left for consumption, 140,- 
083,447 pounds, or 3*89 pounds per capita of the popula- 
tion. 

1853. J. P. Conely, of Dayton, Ohio, patented an 
improvement for separating paper by single sheets. 

1853. The paper imported into the city of New York 
was 3,418 packages, valued at $860,628. 

1854. A pnictical chemist exhibited in New York 
specimens of paper made entirel}^ of straAv, and others 
of grass, of a superior quajity, which he asserted that 
he could produce for about half the cost of rag paper. 
He claimed the knowledge of a process for depriving 
straw of its silex, and other properties detrimental to 
the strength, opacity and pliability requisite in paper 
for general use. 

1854. Samuel Nolan and Prof. Antisel announced the 
invention of a new paper-making machine, for the pur- 
pose of working a new material into paper, which 
should greatly reduce the high price to which paper 
had arisen. 

1854. It was stated on the authority of the Demarara 



S5 

Royal Gazette, that paper of a good qualitj^ liad been 
successfully manufactured in that region from the plan- 
tain. 

1854. M. Vivien, of Paris, attempted to convert 
leaves into a paper suitable for wrapping. The leaves 
were collected at a suitable season, and cut into small 
pieces and pressed into a kind of cake, which was after- 
wards steeped in lime water and reduced to pulp in the 
ordinary manner. 

1854. The quantity of rags annually consmued in 
Great Britain and France combined was stated at 436,- 
800,000, producing 291,200,000 pounds of paper, which 
was 4.55 pounds per capita; while the per capita of the 
United States was 10.80. 

1854. The entire body of paper-makers in Holland, 
more than 160 in number, petitioned the government 
against the free export of rags, which they alleged would 
destroy their business, the neighboring states having 
prohibited such exports or charged them with high 
duties. 

1854. M. Kelin, of Belgium, invented a process for 
converting straw into paper, which differed from any 
other in use. The straw was steeped in water sixty 
hours, when the liquid was rini off and the straw washed 
with a plentil'ul supply of water. It was then flattened 
by being passed between two rollers while in a damp 
state, and afterwards cut into fibres of suitable length, 
and exposed to the sun's rays, until suiBciently bleached. 
It was now submitted to another steeping process, of 
three or four days and subjected to the action of a so- 
lution of hyper-chloride of potash or soda until the straw 
acquired a sullicient degree of whiteness, when it was 
put into the engine. 

1854. T. G. Taylor patented a mode of manufactur- 
ng paper from the stalks of the hop plant, in England. 



86 

1864. John Evans also obtained a patent in the same 
country for a new manufacture of paper from Brazilian 
grass ; and John Jeyes for the manufacture of paper 
from twitch or couch grass. 

1854. S. G. Levis, of Delaware co., Penn., patented 
an improvement in the mode of making thick paper. 

1854. Messrs. Cushman, of Amherst, Mass., patented 
an improvement for drying thick paper. 

1854. E. L. Perkins, of Roxbury, Mass., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in polishing paper. 

1854. E. Maniere obtained a patent in England for 
fire-proof paper. The invention consisted in applying 
asbestos to the manufacture of paper. The asbestos 
was rendered very line and pulpy, and was mixed with 
the pulp of rags. 

1854. A French paper-maker experimented with wood 
in the manufacture of paper. Having taken oif the 
bark, the wood was cut into shavings, and the shavings, 
which were very thin, were placed in water six or eight 
days; then dried; then reduced to the finest powder 
possible. This was mixed with rag pulp and subjected 
to the ordinary process. All white woods, such as pop- 
lar, lime, and willow, were deemed suitable. 

1854. A French paper-maker exhibited at the World's 
fair in New York, specimens of paper made of straw, 
which for whiteness, strength and beauty of finish 
appeared to be nearly equal to rag paper. It was man- 
ufactured by Coupler & Mellier, who patented the pro- 
cess in this country. Their success was superior to any 
of the 150 inventors who had patented as many different 
processes in England and France alone. 

1854. The Ledger, a Philadelphia daily paper, having 
a very large circulation, perhaps 20,000 or 30,000 a day, 
was printed on paper made of straw, costing 9 cents a 
pound. It was a very inferior quality for the purpose. 



87 

1854. There were 6 paper-mills in North Carolina, 
consnming over 3 million pounds of stock. 

1854. The quantity of paper manufactured in Great 
Britain, chargeable with excise duty, was 179,896,222 
pounds, being an increase of more than a hundred mil- 
lion pounds in twenty years. Of this quantity the ex- 
ports were 16,112,020 pounds. The estimated value of 
the paper manufactured was je2,000,000 sterling. 

1854. There were 750 paper-mills in the United 
States, in active operation, having 3000 engines, and 
producing annually about 250 million pounds of paper, 
averaging about 10 cents a pound. This required 405 
million pounds of rags, costing 4 cents a pound, for 
which our seamen have to scour every quarter of the 
globe. The cost of labor was estimated at 1^ cents a 
pound ; the cost of labor and stock united would be 
nearly 20 millions of dollars. The total cost of manu- 
facturing $27,000,000 worth of paper was supposed to 
be $23,625,000. 

1854. The annual consumption of rags in Great Bri- 
tain was computed to exceed 120,000 tons, three-fourths 
of which were imported, principally from Italy and 
Germany. 

1854. The imports of i^aper and its manufactures into 
the United States during the year ending June 30, 
amounted to $757,829. 

1854. The prices of rags in England were: 
1st quality, 32^. to 34^. per cwt. 
2d " 205. 
3d " 15.9. '^ 

4th " 10s. " 

1854. The demand for paper in England aiToctcd the 
market in Jamaica so much that the two principal jour- 
nals were compelled to reduce the size of their papers. 
1854. The rise in the price of paper, 2\ cents a pound, 



88 

obliged the publishers of cheap papers to increase their 
prices or reduce their sizes. Complaints of the price 
and scarcity of paper were universal. The J^ew York 
Tribune was forced to go back to its former size. The 
Journal of Commerce said that it paid from forty to fifty 
thousand dollars a year for paper. The A'^ew York 
Times said that their bill for paper was sixty thousand 
dollars. The Daily Evening Register of Philadelphia 
was discontinued on account of the high price of paper. 
The Sun, the oldest of the New York penny papers was 
also reduced in size. Others put up their prices. 

1854. George W. Beardslee, of Albany, made experi- 
ments witli basswood, which resulted in obtaining a 
beautiful paper ; the woody fibre was reduced to a pulp 
of fine whiteness, and the paper was soft and strong. 

1854. A paper-manufacturer in Otsego county, N. Y., 
patented a mode of working the fibrous parts of swin- 
gle-tow into paper, in such a way as to produce a firm 
and very white article. 

1854. By the reciprocity treaty with Great Britain, 
rags, the growth of the British North American colonies 
or of the United States, were to be admitted into each 
country, respectively, free of duty. 

1854. R. <fe J. C. Martin secured a patent in England 
for obtaining a pulp from wood, by first saturating with 
water, planks and other pieces of wood, then subjecting 
their surfaces to a toothed cylinder, or other instrument 
having teeth resembling a saw or rasp; by which the 
wood was reduced to a suitable pulp. 

1854. A patent was granted to Alexander Brown, in 
England, for the production of paper from the bracken 
or fern plants, of Scotland. Every part of the plant 
possesses strong fibres, producing a powerfully cohering 
pulp, requiring little or no sizing. 

1854. James Sinclair patented in England the disco- 



89 

very of the use of thistles in the manufacture of paper, 
which had been known and experimented upon nearly 
a century. 

1854. C. Hill manufactured paper in Eng-land from 
the stems and roots of horseradish, the rush and flag, 
and the vegetable remains of manures, which were 
bleached and reduced to pulp by the usual modes. 

1854. The exports of paper and stationery from the 
United States is said to have been 187,325, and of books 
and maps, $191,843. 

1854. J. Lallemand, of Besangon, France, patented a 
mode of making paper from peat. 

1854. The quantity of rags imported into the United 
States this year was 32,615,753, of which 24,240,999 
pounds came from Ital}^ The total value of them was 
$1,010,443, at 3-09 cents a pound. 

1854. Herr von Parmewitz, inventor of a process of 
making wool from pine trees, presented to tlie king of 
Prussia specimens of paper made of the same material. 
Paper w^as also made of the red pine at (iiersdorf, 
which was said to be so white and good as to be fit for 
writing or drawing, and needed no sizing because of its 
resinous quality. 

1854. Obadiah Marland, of Boston, Mass., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in paper-making machines. 

1854. Woodward &Bartlett, of JMassachuseLts, patent- 
ed an improvement in the machines for cutting rags. 

1854. The paper-mill at Little Falls, which was burnt 
in November, 1853, was rebuilt by Pease, Satterly & 
Co., with 3 engines and 62 inch machine, and is capa- 
ble of making 1500 pounds a day; the j)Ower is one of 
the best in the state, and available for another engine ; 
building lighted with gas, and warmed by steam ; known 
as Phenix ]\Iill. 

The other mills at Little Falls are Pease, Satterly & 
Go's Island Mill, 2 engines of 500 lbs. capacity, and 62 
13 



90 

inch machine, in Avhich hanging and wrapping paper is 
manufactured. The print mill of S. M. & A. Richmond, 
4 engines. Messrs. Page & Son's print mill, 6 engines. 
The Ligneous Paper Company's mill, 4 engines, for the 
manufacture of basswood. This mill is of a very supe- 
rior construction, and intended for 12 engines and 2 
machines. 

1855. A specimen of paper manufactured from the 
common cane, the bamboo of the Mississippi river, was 
exhibited at St. Louis, and highly approved of. 

1855. Watt & Burgess, of London, made elaborate 
experiments for the conversion of woody fibre into pulp. 
The Avood was first boiled in caustic soda ley, and 
washed free from alkalies; it was then subjected to the 
action of chlorine, or an oxygenated compound of chlo- 
rine, and again washed to remove the hydrochloric 
acid, when the wood was again treated with caustic soda 
ley, and became immediately reduced to pulp ; which 
being well washed and bleached was ready to be manu- 
factured into paper. Paper of this material, it was 
claimed, would cost only <£24 a ton, which if made of 
rags would cost ^£40. 

1855. Henry Fourdrinier, surviving partner of the 
great firm engaged in the paper-manufacture, in Eng- 
land, died, aged 90. The Messrs. Fourdrinier exhausted 
a vast fortune in perfecting the paper-machine which 
bears their name, and died in poverty. 

1855. J. N. Nevin, of Scotland, succeeded in fabricat- 
ing rope and paper from the common garden hollyhock. 
It had the appearance and texture of such paper as was 
used for bags and parcels by grocers, and was very 
clean and firm. 

1855. A French paper-hanger was engaged in produc- 
ing a design requiring upwards of three thousand blocks, 
ut a cost of $10,000, the design alone costing $6,000. 



91 

1855. The London Economist asserted that so great was 
the consumption of paper by the reading and writing 
population of Great Britain, that rags could not be pro- 
cured in sufficient quantity to meet the demand. 

1855. The paper-mill belonging to ^lessrs. Parker, at 
Westville New Haven, Conn., was destroyed by tire. 

1855. The paper-mill of B. B. Bradley, at Niagara 
Falls, was destroyed by fire. 

1855. James N. Kellogg, foreman of Dupont's paper- 
mill at Louisville, Ky., made experiments in manufac- 
turing paper from undressed flax. 

1855. The Saratoga Whig was printed on paper made 
principally of straw, by Messrs. Buchanan & Kihner at 
Rock City. These manufacturers employed a French 
process of bleaching, and were successful in making 
printing and writing papers of good quality from three- 
fourths straw. 

1855. An Englishman by the name of Watts patented 
a mode of produing paper from wood shavings and 
bran, which he expected would take the premium of 
j£1000 offered by The Times for the discovery of a new 
material for the production of paper. 

1855. The rise of one halfpenny a pound in the price 
of paper in England affected the public journals so much 
that the loss thereby sustained by the The Times alone, 
was upwards of $10,000 per annum, inducing the pro- 
prietors of that journal to oUer a reward of $1000 for the 
discovery of a now and readily available material. 

1855. The extensive paper-mill of Gaunt & Derrick- 
son, at Trenton, N. J., was almost totaly destroyed by 
fire. The loss was estimated at $150,000. 

1855. M. D. Whipple, of Charlestown, Mass., obtained 
a patent for preparing wood for paper-pulp. 



92 

1855. A paper-mill which liad stood twenty years at 
Essex, Vt., was destroyed by lire, with its contents; loss 
112,000. 

1855. George W. Beardslee, having made satisfactory 
experiments for the conversion of woody sul:)stances into 
paper, commenced the erection of a mill at Little Falls, 
N. Y., for the purpose of manufiicturing paper of bass- 
wood and other ligneous substances. 

1855. Improvements in machinery and mode of manu- 
facture, and the application of steam, had reduced the 
number of mills in Great Britain and Ireland to 380, or 
nearly one-half, in twenty years; wdiile the quantity of 
rags annually consumed had risen to 201,600,000 pounds, 
or over a hundred per cent. 

1855. S. R. Andries, of Chamblee, Canada, exhibited 
paper made of gnaphalie, or life everlasting, which he 
claimed could be produced cheaper than any other sub- 
stance for the purpose of being manufactured into paper. 

1855. Horace W. Peaslee, of ■Maiden Bridge, obtained 
a patent for a machine for Avashing paper stock. 

1855. G. E. Simon obtained a patent in England for 
a mode of manufacturing paper from plants of the dif- 
ferent species of the family sparganium. 

1855. G. Martonoi patented in England a peculiar 
process for producing paper from seaweed. 

1855. W. Barabce undertook the introduction of per- 
fumes into the pulp of paper, which he thought of 
sufficient importance to secure by a patent, in England. 

1855. The draAvback on paper used in. printing Bibles 
and Prayer Books in England, was .£9958 ; in Scotland, 
je2088. 

1855. The United States imported 40,013,516 pounds 
of rags, of which 23,948,612 came from Italy. The 
value of these rags was $1,225,151, or very nearly 3'06 
cts. a pound. 



93 

1855. The consumption of paper by The Times of 
London Avas nearly 9 tons a day; a quantity of paper 
which, the sheets being hiid open and piled upon each 
other would rise to the height of fifty feet; so that the 
supply for eight days would exactly equal the height 
of St. Paul's Cathedral. 

1855. Richard Herring published a work, in Jjondon, 
on ancient and modern paper and paper-making, with 
25 specimens of paper, and an engraving of the paper- 
making machine. 

1855. Henry Glynn, of Baltimore, Md., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in the manufacture of paper- 
pulp. 

1855. Louis Koch, of New York city, patented an 
improvement in manufacturing paper-pulp. 

1855. Charles H. Hall, of Portland, 1s\q., made experi- 
ments with barks of trees, and succeeded in j^roducing 
wrapping paper advantageously. He fitted up a mill at 
Waterville for the purpose of manufacturing on a large 
scale. 

1855. The Kayaderosseros paper mill, near Ballston 
Spa, N. Y., erected in 1854, was stopt. It was designed 
for the manufacture of hanging paper, and had 4 engines 
of 500 pounds capacity, one of Gavit's 72 inch machines, 
revolving iron bleach, and all the modern machinery 
for staining, printing, and decorating in the highest 
style of the art, costing about $85,000. It Avas altered 
in the following year, and put in operation with exten- 
sive improvements, by Messrs. Pease &, Stone, who are 
engaged in manufacturing colored papers, and is capa- 
ble of turning out 2,500 pounds a day. 

Besides the mills on the same stream mentioned at 
page 91, there are Ingersoll's straw board mill, with 4 
engines; Crane's tissue paper mill, 4 engines; and 
Buchanan's two mills, manufacturing chiefly manilla. 



94 

1855. The paper mill of C. & 0. Clark, at Woodville, 
Jefferson county, N. Y., 4 engines, was burnt ; loss $12,-* 
000. It was rebuilt the next year, and furnished with 
4 large engines, and a 62 inch machine, and turns out 
1 ton of print a day. 

1856. The Now York Mercantile Library received a 
unique work on paper-manufactures, prepared by T. H. 
Saunders, of London, for the Paris exhibition. It con- 
tains a history of this department of industrj^ followed 
by specimens of the different varieties of hand and 
machine made paper, and of papers destined to special 
uses, as bank notes, checks, photographs. It is estimated 
that the work could not have cost less than a thousand 
dollars. 

1856. Henry Lowe, of Baltimore county, jMaryland, 
made an experiment with southern cane, and produced 
a creditable specimen of paper, which was used in 
printing the Baltimore County Advocate. His mill was 
employed exclusively in manufacturing wrapping paper. 

1856. The sum of .£9094 was paid in England for 
drawback of duty on paper used in j)rinting Bibles, 
Testaments and Prayer Books, and .£1200 in Scotland. 

1856. The mills of the Chelsea Manufacturing Com- 
pany at Norwich, Conn., supposed to be the largest in 
the United States, if not in the world, produced seven 
tons of paper in a day. 

1856. The consumption of paper in the United States 
was computed to equal that of England and France 
together. Thus in France, with 35 millions of inhabit- 
ants, only 70,000 tons of paper are produced in a }'ear, 
of which one-seventh is for exportation. In Great 
Britain, with 28 millions of inhabitants, only 66,000 
tons are produced. While in the United States, young 
and but little advanced in manufactures, 200,000 tons 
are annually manufactured. 



95 

1856. The extensive paper-mills of Piersse & Brooks, 
at Windsor Locks, Conn,, were burnt, involving a loss of 
$75,000, two-thirds of which were insured. 

1856. Edward Grantless, a marble cutter, of Glasgow, 
obtained a patent for a mode of making paper of stone ! 
1856. It was claimed that an excellent pulp for paper 
was obtained by subjecting to a newly invented process, 
the Scotch fern plant, the stems, stalks, and even the 
roots of which possessed a strong fibre, which "ivas 
found to be peculiarly adapted to the manufacture of a 
powerfully cohering paper-pulp ; that the plants might 
be used either green or dry, but the latter was prefer- 
able. 

1856. It was estimated that if all the paper consumed 
in one year by the newspapers in the city of New York 
was put upon wagons, containing two tons each, the}' 
would form a procession thirty miles in length, requir- 
ing 6,000 wagons. 

1856. Paper for wrapping purposes was made at a 
mill near Hagarstown, Md., from refuse leather scrap- 
ings about curriers' shops. 

1856. Lasare Ochs, of Belgium, patented a mode of 
obtaining paper from cuttings, waste, and scraps of 
tanned leather. The scraps are placed in sieves on the 
ends of arms or spokes on a wheel, and are made to 
revolve in a stream of water, which operation, when 
continued long enough, washes out the tannin from the 
leather. After this about 20 per cent of old hemp rope 
is mixed and the whole is cut up and reduced to pulp, 
from which the paper is made. A very strong, coarse 
wrapping is the result. 

1856. Wm. Clark, of Dayton, 0., patented improve- 
ments in making paper of the bark of the cotton stalk. 
Instead of using lime or other alkalies, he boiled coal 
tar with the material used, in a peculiar manner. 



96 

1856. Francis Burke, of Montserrat, West Indies, in- 
vented a mode of preparing paper-pnlp from the fibres 
of endogenous plants, without having recourse to the 
process of separating the fibrous matter from the other 
component parts of vegetable substances, which is de- 
scribed in the Wells's Annual of Scientific Discovery for 
1857, p. 89. 

1856. Pierre J. Davis, of Paris, patented an improve- 
ment in bleaching paper, which is described in the same 
work as the above. Also, H. llodgkins, of Belfast, Ire- 
land. Ibid. 

1856. M. Didot, of Paris, patented a new method of 
bleaching paper-pulp. He immersed the pulp in a solu- 
tion of bleaching liquor, made by saturating chloride of 
lime in Avater, and using tlie clear liquor, and then 
passes carbonic acid gas through it. 

1856. Cowley & Sullivan, of England, patented a 
mode of bleaching straw pulp. The liquor (chlorine) 
is n to 2° in Twaddle's hygrometer, in strength ; that a 
lower strength will not bleach the pulp, and a stronger 
liquor will injure it, and not produce so good a color. 
When the straw is undergoing bleaching, it is carefully 
watched, and as soon as it assumes a reddish color, just 
merging on the \yhite, a jet of steam is cautiously let 
on and continued two hours, until the liquor has attained 
a blood heat, or 90", which is kept up about two hours 
longer, when the straw will be completely bleached, and 
fit for the beating engine. Unless the steam is gradu- 
ally introduced the color will not be good. 

1856. P. H. Wait, of Sandy Hill, N. Y., patented an 
improvement in felt guides. 

1856. J. Kingsland, Jr., of Franklin, N. J., patented 
an improvement in the engine for grinding pulp. 

1856. Vespasian 0. Balcom, of Bedford, Mass., ob- 
tained a patent for improvement in grinding paper- 
stock. 



97 

1856. The straw-paper mill of John 11. Iloes, at Stuy- 
vesaiit Falls, Columbia county, New York, was de- 
stroyed by fire, with all the stock and machinery. The 
loss was $8,000, there being no insurance upon any part 
of it. 

1856. The Overland Mail, published at Hong Kong, 
China, was printed on stout and heavy paper, of fine 
texture, made from the shavings of bamboo. 

1856. There were twenty paper-mills Avith seventy- 
five engines in the town of Lee, Mass. These consumed 
1,1000,000 pounds of rags annually, and gave employ- 
ment to 1000 people ; the quantity of paper manufac- 
tured was 780,000 reams, worth $1,300,000. 

1856. Israel Kinsey, of Ilohokus, X. J., patented an 
improvement in feeding pulp to machines. 

1856. "William Clark, of Dayton, Ohio, patented a 
mode of making paper from straw. 

1856. July 31. The paper-mill of G. AV. Ingalls, at 
Ballston Spa, was destroyed by fire. Loss $20,000 ; 
insured $12,000. 

1856. An English manufacturer produced pasteboard 
from beet roots. 

1856. Dr. Terry, of Detroit, experimented upon a 
species of moss obtained in the Lake Superior region, 
and obtained a beautiful white paper, without any 
peculiar process. The moss existed in great quantities, 
on Isle Iloyal and other localities, and could be procured 
at a very moderate cost. 

1856. An unusual freshet occurcd in tlie Kayaderosseras 
river, by which the paper-mills situated upon it suff'ered 
to great extent by the loss of their dams or damage to 
the mills and machinery 

1856. The Syracuse Standard boasted that its daily 
was printed on paper made of rags imported directly 
from the land of the Pharaohs, on the banks of the 
14 



98 



Kilo. Those were said to have been stripped from the 
luuinraics. 

1S57. J. S. Blake, of Claremont, N. H., obtained a 
patent for an improvement in making paper, 

1S57. Messrs. Laflin Brotliers disposed of their exten- 
sive paper-mill at Herkimer to a New York firm for 
$70,C00. 

1857. A new mode of preparing straw for white 
paper, has been discovered, which is expected to be- 
come valuable,- not yet published. 



CONTENTS. 



Aberdeen, 83. 
Acid neutralized, 62. 
Adolplius, 13. 
Agitator, 56, 65. 
Albany Institute, 32. 

rags wanted, 30. 

Register, 32. 

scarcity of paper, 32. 
Alcoi mills, 36. . 
Alexandria, 10. 
Alga marina paper, 25. 
Algiers, 76. 

Allison & Hawkins, jjatent, 37. 
Aloes for paper, 27. 
Alsace mills, 38. 
Alstead, N. H., 64. 
Alum sizing, 51, 54. 
America, machines, 79. 
American booksellers' medal, 38. 

paper extraordinary, 44. 
Ames, D. & J., mill, 49. 

John, patent, 61, 62, 65, 66, 67. 
Amies, Joseph, 62. 

Thomas, 44. 
Amos & Clarke, 76. 
Amru, Joseph, 11. 
Andalusia, rags, 23. 
Anderson, 21. 
Andries, S. R., 02. 
Angoumois, 22, 33. 
Animal substances for paper, 54. 
Anuonay, 48. 

Johannotd', 30 
Antisel, Prof., 84. 
Aphorisms of Hippocrates, 12. 
Aporentype paper, 54. 
Arabians made paper, 4, 11. 
Arabic manuscrii^ts, 12. 
Arroche paper, 27. 
Asbestos, 20, 86. 
Asparagus paper, 65. 
Aspen paper, 27, 58. 



Austrian exports, 78. 

mills, 71, 79. 

J'ag?, 69. 
Babylonian bricks, 1. 
Baden, mills, 72. 
Bage, Robert, 37. 
Bagford, John, 23. 
Bagging pajier, 60. 
Bailey, Wm., 38. 
Balcom, V. 0., 96. 
Balilliat, Pierre, patent, 51. 
Ball, E. B.,45. 
Ballston Spa, mill, 03, 97. 
Baltimore, 39. 

Co. Advocate, 94. 

request tarifl", 47. 
Bamboo paper, 3, 90, 97. 
Banana paper, 6S, 69. 
Bank-note paper, 75. 
Barabee, W., 92. 
Bark paper, 10, 26, 32, 37, 66, 90. 

of cotton stalk, 95. 
Barley straw paper, 27. 
Barratt, Thomas, patent, 59. 
Bartolus, 15. 
Basil manufactures, 138. 
Baskerville, 25, 26. 
Basle, mills at, 17. 
Basswood paper, 7, 29, 34, 88. 

90,92. 
Bavarian mills, 72. 

peat i^aper, 27. 
Beach, Moses Y., patent, 53. 
Beardslee, G. W., 6, 88, 92. 
Bedford, Mass., 96. 
Beech paper, 27. 

Beeswax used for sizing and glaz- 
ing, 54. 
Beet root paper, 65, 97. 
Belgium, 22, 73, 75, 76, 85, 95. 
Benjamin, Nathan, 40. 
Beiiington mill, 30, 32. 



100 



Berlin, Inadiine in, 46. 
Bern manufactures, 38. 
Bernadotte, jiatent, 54, 
Bibles crmnbled, 44. 
Bibliotheca Americana, 32. 
Bigg'.s jiatent, 34. 
Birmingham, 37. 
Jilake, Kdmund, G4. 

J. S., !)8. 
Blank, E. F. & T., patent, CtS. 
Blencliing, mode of, 90, 96, 

new mode, 33, 34, 61. 

by clilorine, 29. 

with coal tar, 95. 

eflfect.s of excessive, 44, 64. 
Bluing paper, 33. 
Bhii^ gras.s paper, 52. 
]todleian specimen, 11, 
Bodoni, 17. 
lioliun, I'khnund, 21. 
Bomeisler, Lewis, 55. 
Books destroyed by excessive 

bleaohing, 64. 
Bookselli'r'a medal, 38, 
Boston, 2.'). 
Boulac mill, 80. 
Boxmoor, 39. 
Bracki'u, paper from, 88, 
Bradford, Wm., 24. 
Bradley, B. B., 91. 
Bran, paper from, 91. 
lirand, M., experiments, 57. 
Brandvwine, 46. 
Brard,'c. l\, patent, 54, 
]?rattloboru, Vt., .'5!), 63. 
Jirazil's imjmrts, 72. 
Bra/ilian grass for paper, 86. 
Brewer, llcnry, 62. 
Brewer & Smitli, 79. 
Breza, M. de, 68. 
Bridiji'jiort, Pa., 65. 
Jk-indley, AV., 75. 
British excise, 34, 58. 

Museum, jiapyrus, 10. 

Merchant, 21. 

revenue from paper, 34, 58, 69. 

rags, 69. 

workmen, 69, 
Broken paper, 32. 
Bronx river mill, 48. 
Brooman, R. A., 71. 
Broom corn pa])er, 27. 
Brown, Alexander, 88. 

James, ()(). 

& Mcintosh, 83. 
Buchanan's mills, 93. 
Buchanan & Killmer, 91. 



Bull, Lagrange, 6f). 
Bullen of plants for paper, 61. 
Bulls on cotton paper, 11. 
Burdock jiaper, 27, 31. 
Burke, l-'rancis, 96. 
Burneby, J']ustacH, 21. 
Burton, of London, 35. 
Cabbage stump paper, 27, 
Caen, France, 4.3. 
Calendars, (Id, 62. 
Cam])beirs jiatent, 33. 
Cane for jiaper, 83, 90, 94, 
Canandaigua mill, 46. 
Can.son, M., 48, 50. 
Canson Brothers, patent, 50, 
Cape Ilaytien, 81. 
Carduris nutan's paper, 38. 
Car]iets of paper, 40. 
Carvil. (ieorge, patent, (50. 
Ca.se of pajier traders, 22. 
Casiri, 11, 13. 
Cassim ben Hegi, 12. 
Cassiodorus, 1(^. 
Cast iron rollers, 60. 
Catacombs, papyrus in, 9, 
Catskill mill burnt, 40. 
Chambers, Messrs., 76. 
Chambersburgh, Pa., 52, 57. 
Chamblee, Canada, 92. 
Char.acteri.'^tics of paper, 20. 
Charles IX, lib 
Charta bonibacine, 11. 
Chatiaugay mill, 38. 
Chelsea Manuf. Co., 94, 
Chemical substance for rags, 51. 
Chester creek mill, 23. 
Chili, iui)iorts, 74. 
Chinese, 11. 

paper, 3, 6. 
Chittenden CJeorge, 43, 
Chlorine, 29, 61. 
Christian 111,50. 
Christina of Sweden, 20. 
Churchyard's notice of Siiilman, 91. 
(Jlaremont, 98. 
Clark, C. & O., 94. 

William, 95, 97. 
Clavio, ,lulio, 18. 
Clematite paper, 27. 
Clum, abbot of, 12. 
Coal tar for bleaching, 95. 
Cobb, Thomas, patent, i)6. 
Cobbett's corn, 54. 
Colle, mills at, 17. 
Collier, E. 11. patent, 53, 
Colored paj^ers, 93. 
Color, mode of extracting, 54, 60. 



101 



Colors, peculiar, i;<. 

Colored rag pappr, fiO. 

Coloring piiip, 33, 37, 56. 

Colquolionn, Dr. 43. 

Coltsfoot ])ap(M-, 31. 

Columbia county mill, 35, 43. 

Confcrva paper, 27, 31. 

Congress use foreign paper, 47, 48. 

Conly, J. P., 84. 

Connecticut, first mill, 27, 28. 

mills, 42. 

supplied, 29. 
Constantinople mill, 80. 
Continental army, 29. 
Continuons juiper, 78, 79 
Cooper, John W., patent, rA. 
Copper plate ])aper, 32. 
Corbeil, 17. 
Corn stalk paper, 67. 
Cortusius, 15. 
Cost of manufacturing, 87. 
Cotton du peui)lier, 27. 

plants, 5. 

stalks, 95. 

paper, 2, 3, 4, 5, 11, 12, 14, 

15, 16, 60. 

abolished, 13. 

superseded papyrus, 2. 

used by (rreeks, 5. 
Cottonian library six'cimeu, 15. 
Couch grass pajier, 31, SO. 
Coupier & Mdlier, 86. 
Covering buildings, 63. 
Cowper, Prof. , patent, 53. 
Cowley & Sullivan, 96. 
Crane, Z. M., 74. 
Crawford Messenger, 58. 
Crompton, T. B., patent, 53, 68. 

for (Irving, 47, 50. 

& Milier,'53. 

& Taylor, patent, 52. 
Crosby, Henry, patent, 68. 
Crane's mill, 93. 
Culver & Cole, 56. 
Cuba, inii)orts, 74. 
Cunningham's patent, 34. 
Cu.shman, Messrs., 86. 
Cutting machine, 48, 52, 53, 54, 

"^74, 76. 
Cutting paper in the ream, 65. 
Cylinder machine improved, 41, 
55, 59, 66. 

adojited in France, 50. 
Daily Evening Register, 88, 
Dandy, 59. 
Dartford mill, 16. 
Davy Henry, patent, 63. 



Dalton, Mas.«;. ?4. 
Davis, Pierre J., 96. 
Dayton, 0. 84, 97. 
Declaration of Independence, 44. 
Debit, William, patent, 54, 66. 
Dedham, Mass., 63. 
Degrand, J. V., patent, 67. 
Delaware mills, 42. 

prodiu't, 28. 
Delcambre's sizing, 51. 
Demarets, 28. 
Demarara paper, 85. 
Denmark, 46. 

first machine, 50. 

imports, 5, 20, 73, 74. 
Desetable, Gabriel, 43. 
Devaux, Uenj., patent, 51. 
Dickinson's machine, 41. 

John, patent, 54, 59. 

George, patent, 52. 
Didot, 30, 34, 36, 38, 39, 42, 
77, 96. 

Firmin, 50, 51. 

Roger, patent, 45. 
Donkin, Rryan, 38, 39, 53. 

Messrs., 50, 79. 
Double i)aper, 53, 59. 
Drawba(-k, !)2, 94. 
Dresden, 22. 

mill visited by Peter the 
Great, 6. 
Drying cylinder, 66. 

in lofts, 46. 

thick paj)er, 86. 

process, 47, 50, 81. 
Du Cange, 16. 
Du Ilal.le, 10. 
Dupont's mill, 91. 
Duster imj)roved, {'A>. 
Dwarf ])alm for jtaper, 76. 
East Hartford mill, 29, 67. 
Edinburgh mills, 30. 
Edrisi, 12. 
Egyi)tian mill, 80. 

rags, 97. 
Elm tree paper, 31. 
Elizabethtown, 24. 
Embossing process, 57. 
Endogenous ])lanfs fur paper, 95, 
Endless W(d) produced, 34. 
Engines introduced, 25. 

improved, 96. 
England used parchment, 14. 

decay of trade, 23. 

No. of mills, 66, 68. 

art improved in, 6. 

imports paper, 20, 21, • 



102 



England, imports from France, 5, 
20, 21, 70. 

linen paper supplanted cot- 
ton, T). 

excise, 30, 35, 3G, 50, 62, 60. 
(See Great Britain.) 

iiiauufacture, 21. 

pajMU- mill, lir.st, 18, 19. 

l»aper scane, 21. 
English paper mills, 18, 19, 22, 
26, 92. 

workmen ilepressed, 22. 

l)roduft, 22, 24, 30. 

consumption for cheap works, 
22. 
Erigerone paper, 38. 
Escurial specimens, 13. 
Esk mills, 66. 
Ksse.K mill burnt, 02. 
Esperauce mill burnt, 48. 
Essoune, 15, 17, 34. 
Eustathius, 13, 
Europe machines, 79. 
Evans, John, 8G. 

Oliver, 44. 
Evert, Mr., 77. 
Excise! (see imports.) 
Fabriaiio mill, 15, 17. 
Eairchild, Reuben, patent, 55. 
Fairhaven mill, 34. 
Falls creek mill, 63. 
Fan for rarefaction, 68. 
Farina, J. A. 81. 
Felt cleaner, 63. 
Felt guides improved, 96. 
Fellings dispensed with, 67. 
Fen Ditton mill, 19. 
Ferns, i)aper from, 88, 95. 
Finishing, 51, 60, 62. 
Fin.sley invented ivory paper, 46. 
Fir for paper, 84. 
Fire ])roof paper, 86. 
Firmus, 10. 

Fladd, John Daniel, 15. 
F'lax undre.ssed for paper, 13, 

37,91. 
Flag leaves for paper, 55, 89. 
Floss silk paper, 45. 
Florence mill, 80. 
Pools cap, 18. 
Forgery ijreventer, 75. 
Formosa, 39. 
Foster, Samuel, 62. 
Foster, Samuel E., 63. 
Fourdrinier, E. N., 61. 

Henrv, died, 90. 

H. &"S. 39, 40, 41. 



Fourdrinier machine, 42, 44, 4G, 
48,50,52, 56,59, 69,79, 81. 

speed of, 40. 
France, ancient paper, 14. 

art introduced, 15. 

exports, 6, 20, 21, 22, 25, 38, 
63, 73, 75, 84, 94. 

exi)orts rags, 37. 

floiu'ishing state of the art in, 
5, 20, 22. 

first nuichine, 44. 

imports, 15, 19, 20, 84. 

largest mill, 34. 

No. mills, 22, 37. 

No. machines, 65. 

product, 82, h3, 94. 

uses English machines, 48. 
Franklin, Benj. 23. 

N. J., ^i). 
French paper makers, 56. 

machine, 44, 56, 76, 79. 

academy, 28, 30, 75. 

ex])eriments, 29. 

paper merchants, 48. 

refugee ])aper makers, 21. 

.'iizing, 51. 

Thomas, patent, 62. 
Frederic II, of Germany, 13. 
Fredericksinirg, 50. 
Fredonia, 55. 
Frejus, 54. 
Fry, Richard, 25. 
Freshet, damages by, 97. 
Fuller, 20. 

Oamble, John, 36, 38, 41. 
(Jarde Count de la, patent, 51. 
Gavits' machine, 93. 
(Jaunt & Derrick, 91. 
Gelatine sizing, 51. 
Genoese export, 23, 72. 
Georgia mills, 73. 
German exports, 20, 81. 

imports, 5, 20, 38, 62. 

l):iper deteriorated, 33. 

water mills, 28. 

work with specimens, 28. 
Germany, art introduced, 16. 

first mill in, 17. 

linen ]>aper in, 13. 

machines, 79. 

No. mills, 31, 36. [5. 

paper introduced from Venice, 

product, 31, 36. 

used parchment, 14. 
Giersdorf, red pine, 89. 
Gilman, Alonzo, 74. 
Gilpin, Thomas, patent, 59. 



\ 



103 



Gilpin, Thos. & Co., 45, 46. 

mill burnt, 40. 
Glazing, introduced, 45. 
Glynn, Ilenrv, 93. 
Gnaplialie paper, 02. 
Goat skin.s, 9. 

Gottingen royal society, 15, 2G, 27. 
Goodman, Manuf. Co., 79. 
Gouclier, Francis, patent, Gl. 
Goumar, M., medal to, G2. 
Grass paper, 84, 89. 
Grape vine paper, 27. 
Grantless, Edward, 95. 
Great Britain exports, 87. 

product, 24, 43, G4, 72, 73, 74, 
7G, 77, 78, 80, 82. 83, 87, 04. 

imports, 67, 74, 78, 83. 

excise, 87. 

consumption of rags, 38, 87, 92. 

No. mills reduced, 80, 92. 

machines u.sed in, GO, 70, 71, 
72, 73, 74, 7G, 70. 
(See England.) 
Greaves, Mr., 32. 
Greece, imports, 78. 
Greeks used cotton paper, 5. 
Greek parchment, 5, IG. 
Green paper, 4G. 
Grimpe & Colas, 75. 
Grinding, improvement, OG. 
Guarro, Francisco, 3G. 
Guettard's experiments, 2G. 
Gutenberg's Bibles, 17. 
Gutermann, 32. 
Gutta percha paper, 71. 
Guy, Francis, 39. 
Haddock, Marsden, patent, 54. 
Hairarstown mill, 05. 
Hall, Chas. H., 03. 

Jolui, p.-itent, 59. 
Hamburg, imi)orts, 30, 74. 

No. mills, 30. 

rags, 69. 
Ilaud paper, 18. 

superseded, 65. 

process, 39, 44. 

improved, 54. 

mill, ancient, 23. 

in Aus'tria, 71. 

abolished, 73. 
Hartford, Ct., 66. 

press supplied, 29. 

England, 18. 
Hartzberg, Ewald von, 30. 
Havana works, liS. 
Hay paper, 52, 56. 
Hayti exported rags, 66. 



Heath, Mr., 45. 

Hemp paper, 13, 27, 36, 37, 49, 

50, 51. 
Hemj)cn rag paper, 3, 4, 10. 
Henchman, Daniel, 24. 
Henry VI, IS. 

VHI, watermark, 18. 
Herodotus on parchment, 9. 
Herculaneum, 10. 
Herring, Richard, 03. 
Hesse, grand duchy mills, 72. 

electorate mills, 72. 
Herkimi'r mills sold, 08. 
Ilijipocrates, 12. 
Hill, v., 80. 
Hindoo ])a])er, GG. 
Hodgkins, II., 96. 
Hoes, J. R., 97. 
Hog dispensed with, 61. 
Ilo'hokus, 07. 
Holland, art improved in, 6. 

(^\l)c)rts, 20, 

Homer, patent, 67. 

imports from France, 5, 20, 24. 

paj>er makers, 85. 

invents engines, 25. 

paper, reputation of, 28, 30. 

No. of mills, 28. 
Hollyhock jiaper, 90. 
llolstein, machines, 79. 
Homer, 32. 
Hong Kong paper, 97. 
Hooper, Samuel, 32, 33. 
Hop stalks for jiaper, 68, 85. 

vine pajjcr, 27, 31, 49. 
Horizontal whirl wheel, 55. 
Hornet's nests, 27. 
Horse mills, 75. 
Horseradish paper, 89. 
Howland & (lilswold, patent, 64. 
Hunting, Mason, patent, 54. 
Husk pa])er, 37, 54, 55, 65, 67. 
llutton, VVm., 26, 37. 
Iluygeron, M., 4G. 
Ibotson, Richard, 58. 

rod-strainer, improved, 62. 
Impermeable paper, 77. 
Imposts, 62, 87. 

on American paper, 45. 

in England, 22, 56, 66. 

in France, 19, 20. 

in Great Britain, 76, 77, 78. 
in Massachusetts, 31. 
on foreign books, 48. 

on rags, 58. 

paper, 58. 
Improveraeuts in 1802, 37. 



104 



Incombustible paper, 77. 

Indestructible paper, 68. 

India, niacliines, 79. 

Indu.strial fair, 78. 

IngersoU's mill, 93. 

Ingales, J. W., 97. 

Ink extracted, 31, 37. 

Insects, protection against, 68. 

Intestines of animals for writing 

upon, 1. 
louians used parcliment, 9. 

island.s, imports, 7S. 
Ireland, 66. 

mills in, 69. 

"So. of paper makers, 61. 

product, 73, 74, 76, 80. 
Island mill, 89. 
Isle Royal moss, 97. 
Italian workmen imprisoned, 17. 
Italy, exports, 20, 75, 78, 82. 

machines, 7i). 

manufactures in, l."), 16. 

rags from, 69, 89, 92. 
Ithaca, N. Y., 62. 
Ivory plates for writing upon, 1. 

paper, 46. 
Jackets dispensed with, 67. 
Jamaica, 87. 
Japanese, 25. 

mode, 3, 49. 
Jaquier, J. J., patent, 60. 
Jaraslow mill, 35. 
Jarvis & French, 62. 
Java, imports, 73. 
Jeanbeaurt, M., patent, 47. 
Joyes, John, 86. 
Johannot, d'Annonay, 30. 
Journal of Commerce, 62, 88. 
Jullien, M., patent, 56. 
Junk paper, 60. 
Jury Report, 80. 
Kayaderosseras, 93, 97. 
Kelin, M., 85. 
Kellogg, James N., 91. 
Kentuckv mill.':, 42. 
Kingsland, J., 81, 96. 
Kinsey, Israel, 97. 
Kneeland, J. C, 74. 
Koch, Louis, 93. 
Kircher, Athanasius, 20. 
Knot separator, 58. 
Koops, Matthias, 35. 
Labor high, 32. 
Lace introduced, 54. 
Laferet, M., patent, 49. 
Laflin Uros., 98. 
Laid paper, rough, 25. 



Laid paper imitated, 60. 

Lake Superior moss, 97. 

Lambert, Louis, patent, 49. 

Lattemand, J., 89. 

Landolini, Chevalier, 42. 

Largest mills, 94. 

Latins used cotton paper, 5. 

Lavender & Lowe, 83. 

Leather cuttings for papei-,33,55,72. 

I)a])er, 33, 59, 72. 

scraps for paper, 95. 
Leaves, paper from, 26, 27, 32, 65, 
68, 69, 85. 

used for writing upon, 1. 
Ledger, Philadelphia, Si). 
Lee mills, 80, 97. 

product, 80. 
Lefevre, 51. 

Letfingwell, Christopher, 27, 28. 
Leghorn, exports, 74. 

imports, 78. 
Levant imports from France, 5, 20. 
Lewis, S. (r., 86. 
Life everlasting paper, 92. 
Ligneous paper company, 90. 

paper, 92. 
Lily of the Valley paper, 27. 
Lime tree paper, 31, 58, 86. 

water used, 49, 84. 
Linden jiaper, 29. 
Linen paper, 32. 

prize specimen, 15, 27. 

in Venice, 16. 

first book on, 16. 

oldest specimen, 12, 26. 

in Spain, 13, 15. 

in (Jermany, 13, 14. 

in France, 14. 

in England, 14. 

paper sui)j)lanted cotton, 5,15. 

substituted for, 51, 

rag paper, 3, 4, 12, 13, 14, 27. 
Liquorice root jjaper, 51. 
Lithographic paper, 62. 
Little Falls mill, 89, 92. 
Lombardo-Venetian mills, 80. 
Lombardy exports to France, 15. 
London custom house, 58. 

Economist, 91. 

Times, consumption of paper, 
91, 93. 
Long sheet, 58. 
Longobards, 10. 
Louis XIII, 19. 

XIV, 20. 

XVI, 30. 
Louisville, Ky., 91. 



105 



Lowe, Henry, 04. 
Lozanna, specimens, 37. 
Lydig, David, 48. 
Lvon, Col., 34. 

Machine, Robert's, 34, 35, 36, 38, 
39, 44. 
Gavit's, 93. 
success of, 38. 

improved, 45, 52, 81, 89, 92. 
plaining and cutting, 83. 
separating paper, 84. 
new ]iaper, 84. 
American, 45 . 
Machines, paper. 58. 
dryer for, 47. 
cheapened pax'er, G2. 
patented, 37. 

in Gt. Britain, 73, 74, 76, 79. 
Belgium. 79. 
Paxony, 73. 
Spain, 79. 
Germany, 70, 79. 
France, 52, 76, 79. 
Europe, north, 79. 
Italy, 79. ^ 
America, 79. 
Ihdia, 79. 
Austria, 79. 
Denmark, 79. 
Holstein, 79. 
Sweden, 79. 
Sardinia, 80. 
Tuscanv, 80. 
Switzerland, 80. 
Lomhardo-Venitian, SO. 
Roman states, 80. 
Smyrna, 80. 
United States, 46. 
Berlin, 46. 
Massachusetts, 57. 
rasping wood, 88. 
for cutting rags, 53, 63, 89. 
economy, 53. 
cuttinii paper, 47, 53, 54, 60, 

61, V;3, 65. 
for cutting paper lengthwise, 

52. 
for cutting waste, 43. 
McGuaran, J., patent, 49. 
Macon, France, 51. 
Maffei, Ki. 

Magaw, Wm., patent, 52, 58. 
Maidstone mill, 27. 
Maiden Bridge, 92. 
Malta, imports, 78. 
Manchester, Eng., 26. 
wall paper, 25. 

15 



Manchester, Ct., 60. 
Manganese for bleaching, 34. 
Manilla paper, 93. 
Manufacture, change in, 7. 
mode of, 6. 
degenerated, 14. 
Maniere, E., 86. 
Mansell, J., 81. 
Manures for paper, 89. 
Maps of parchment, 14. 
Marland, Obadiah, 89. 
Marseilles, 47. 
Mar.shmallow paper, 31. 
Martin, R. & J. C, 88. 

Walter, 40. 
Martinique, 69. 
Martinsburgh mill, 40, 63. 
Martonoi, (i., 92. 
Maryland mills, 42. 
Mas'sachusetts mills, 29, 42, 57, 71. 
first mill, 24, 26. 
im])0st, 31. 
product, 57. 
Masse d'eau paper, 27. 
Mats of Muscovy for paper, 25. 
Meadville, Pa.. 52, 58. 
Medal, French, 30. 
booksellers', 38. 
of World's fair, 27. 
Meernian, 15, 27. 
Memphis made papyrus, 9. 
Metal i)lates for writing upon, 1. 
Mexico, imports, 72. 
Miller Enoch, patent, 53. 
Milton, Mass., 55. 

mill at, 24. 
Mineral colors extracted, 55. 
Mississippi bamboo for paper, 91. 
Montargis mill, 34. 
Montfaucon, 11, 14. 
Montgollier, 57. 
Montserrat, W. I., 96. 
Moorish paper-makers expelled 

from Spain, 5, 11. 
Moscow, 23. 

lir.st mill, 6. 
Moss paper, 27, 31, 49, 52, 97. 
Moth-wort iiai)er, 27. 
Moulds, hollow, 83. 

improved, 52, 79. 
Mulberry for paper, 3, 27, 49. 
Mummy cloth paper, 97. 
Nassau, Germany, mills, 72. 
Nesbit, A., patent, 49.^ 
Netherlands, imports, 73. 
Nettle paper, 31, 43. 
Neustadt Elberwald, 77. 



106 



Nevin, J. N., 90. 

Newburv, Vt., 61. 

New England, first mill, 24, 26. 

New Hampshire, 20, 42. 

New Haven mill, 91. 

New Jersey product, 28. 

first mill, 24. 
New Orleans mill, 73. 
New York imports, 83, 84. 

consumption of paper, 52, 95. 

mercantile librarv, 94. 

mills, 42, 43. 

northern, 33. 

.'scarcity, 30. 

Tribune, 88. 

Times, 88. 
Niagara Falls mill, 91. 
Nic'hoUs, 19. 
Niles R.'gister, 57. 
Nolan, Samnel, 84. 
North America, 32. 

Carolina, mills, 87. 
Norwich, Ct., mill at, 27, 28, 94. 
Numa, xised papyrus, 9. 
Nuremberg, 14, 17. 
Oak paper, 31. 
Oakum paper,' 72. 
Obry's mode of sizing, 51. 
Ochs, Lasare, 95. 
Odent, Victor, patent, 53. 
Old Junk pai)er, 60. 
Oriental plants for paper, 13. 
Ornamenting paper, 64, 81. 

sacks, 43. 
Ouvrard's speculation, 32. 
Overland Mail, 67. 
Padua, art introduced, 15. 
Painting on ]iarchment, 18. 

water colors, 18. 

oil colors, 18. 
Palm for paper, 76. 
Palmer, James, patent, 52. 
Papyrus, 1, 2, 9, 10, 13. 

abundance of, 10. 

scarcity of, 10, II. 

MSS. in Herculanaeum, 10. 

in British Museum, 10. 

in Paris, 10. 

disu-sed, 13. 

in France, 14. 

specimen sold, 33. 

Landolini's theory, 42. 

discovered at Elephanta, 48. 
Parchment, 1, 12, 17. 

super-eded papyrus, 2, 11, 14. 

Greeks, 5. 

used by lonians, 9. 



Parchment improved at Pergamus, 
9. 

substituted for paper, 13. 

paintings on, 18. 

cloth, 12. 
Paper-hangings (See Wall paper). 
Papier linge, 57. 

velin, 26, 30. 
Papiers peints, 25. 
Pa]ii)us for jjajxT, 38. 
Paris consumi»tion, 38, 50, 66. 

papyrus, 10. 

rag collectors, 61. 
Parker's mill burnt, 91. 
Parmewitz, Herr von, 89. 
Pasteboard from beet root, 97. 

scraps for paper, 51, 56. 
Paterson, N. J., 76. 
Pease, Satterly & Co., 89. 
Pea.se & Stone, 93. 
Peaslee, H. W., 92. 
Peat for paper, 27, 66, 89. 
Peignot, 15, 38. 
Pennsylvania, first mill, 23. 

l)roduct, 28. 

petition for tariff', 47, 

mills, 42, 47. 
Penny Magazine, 64. 
Per capita, 83, 85. 
Perforated roller, 59. 
Perfumed pa])er, 92, 
Pereramus improved parchment, 9. 
Peri go rd, 22. 
Perkins, E. L., 86. 
Persians, 11. 
Peter the Great, 6, 22. 

II, regulated paper makers, 14, 

the Venerable, 12. 
Phelps, George M., 74. 

k Spaftbrd, Ct., 58. 

James, 70. 
Phoenix mill, 89. 
Philadelphia, 88. 

consumption, 48. 

society, premium, 31. 
Persse & Brooks, 95. 
Pine, Edward, patent, 60. 

iwper, 27, 57, 84, 89. 

shavings for paper, 50, 83. 
Pitkin, Elisha, 35. 
Pittsburgh mill, 44. 
Plantain for pa])er, 85. 
Planing machine, 83. 
Plants, ])aper from, 26. 
Plees, W., patent, 37. 
Pliny, 10. 
Poetic advertisement, 40. 



107 



t"©!!!, Henry, 76. 

Poisson, L. P., patent, 51. 

Poitou, 33. 

Polishing paper, 8G. 

Poplar paper, 31, 56, 67, 86. 

Porto Rico, imports, 74. 

Post paper, 20. 

Pot paper, 18. 

Potato starch sizing, 51. 

Potter, Messrs., 25. 

Price of paper reduced, 63, 

Prince of Wales Island Gazette, 45, 

Printed paper used for paper stuff, 

35, 54. 
Printing ink extracted j 37. 
Prussia, mills in, 46, 72. 
Ptolemy Philadelphus, 9. 
Publishing discouraged, 32 
Pulp adjuster, 83. 
dresser, 50, 63. 
super.seded, 62. 
feeder, 97. 
improvement, 93, 
regulator, 76. 

strainer, 61, 80. 
Putney, Vt., 46. 
Quality of fjaper advanced, 63. 
Queen Anne's impost, 22. 
Quirini, patent, 56. 
Rag cleaner, 54, 60. 

engines, 25, 26. 

cutting machine, 53, 63, 89. 
Rags, 13, 17. 23, 25, 26, 51, 73, 74, 
75, 76, 77^ 78, 81, 82, 85, 
87, 88, 89, 91, 92, 95, 97. 

of no other value, 48. 

collected in Boston, 28. 

consumption of, 44, 63. 

in England, ^6, 92. 

from Egypt, 97. 

excise on, 58. 

gathered in U. S., 45. 

from Hayti, 66. 

import of, 68, 69, 70, 71. 

in (lermany, 69. 

in Great Piritain, 69. 

in Mas,sachusetts, 28, 42. 

price of, 34. 

required in Gt. Britain, 34. 

saved in U. S., 57. 

chemical substitute for, 51, 

scarce, 29. 

in Germany, 33. 

wanted, 40'> 41. 

paper without, 27, 51, 
Ratisbon, 29. 
Reaumur, 23. 



Reciprocity, 88^ 

Rfed paper, 31. 

Reel dis])ensed with, 63. 

Rees's Cyclopedia, 48. 

Refuse materials for paper, 55, 56^ 

60. 
Regensburg, 29. 
Resinous bark ]iaper, 90. 
Revolution in France increased de- 
mand for paper, 32. 
Reward otl'ered for new paper ma- 
terials, 91. 
Rhode Island, 29, 42. 
Rice, Clark, 64. 
jiaper, 39, 45. 
straw jiapfr, 3. 
Richmond, S. M. & A., 90. 
Rinteln University specimen, 13. 
Rise in price, 87, 191. 
Robert, Louis, invented a machine, 

34, 35, 36, 38, 39, 42, 44. 
Rock City mill, 91. 
Rocques, M., 68. 
Roger of ir icily, 12. 
Roll of paper, long, 78. 
Roman papyrus, 2. 
Rome, imports, 78. 
machines, 80. 
Rondeaux & Henn, patent, 55. 
Roofing, i)aper for, 77. 
Rope paper, 60. 
Rose, Robt., patent, 67. 
Rosin sizincf, 51. 
Rouen, decay of trade, 25. 
Royal liljrary specimen, 11. 

printing office, consumption 
of, 66. 
Russia, imports, 20, 36. 

matting for paper, 65. 
Russian mills, 31, 35, 36. 
Rush paper, 89. 
Saardam, 28. 
Salisbury, Marquis, 35. 
Sallow tree paper, 32. 
Samarcand manufactory, 4, 10. 
Sander.sheim records, 11. 
Saracens, 11. 
Saratoga Whig, 91. 
Sardinia, mills, 79. 
machines, 80. 
products, 74. 
Satin paper, 12. 
Saunde'-son, Isaac, patent, 55. 
Saunders, T. II., 94. 
Savannah Republican, 73. 
Saw dust paper, 27. 
Sawyer, James, patent, 61. 



108 



Saxon mills, 72, 73. 

Scarcity of paper, 30, 32. 

Scham'rs, J. C, 27, 20. 

Schaiimburgh, count of, 13. 

Sche-le, 29. 

Schenectady, paper scarce, 41. 

Schoharie mill, 41. 

Scotland, 22. 

Scotch tVrn paper, 95. 

Scotti.>;h mills, G8. 

Scutari mill, 41. 

Sea salt for bleaching, 34. 

Seaweed paper, 46, 04, 92. 

Seba, 25. 

Segnin, M., patent, 36. 

Seiim III, 41. 

Sellers, Coleman, 63. 

Separating paper, 84. 

Serapeum, 32. 

Seratiila ervensis paper, 38. 

Sharp's Gazetteer, 80. 

patent, 50. 
Shavings, mode of producing, 58. 
Shaw, Edmund. 67. 
Sheathing paper, 60. 
Sheepskins, 9. 
Sheet-forming rollers, 55. 

of great length, 58. 
Shrubs, paper from, 26. 
Sicily, 16. 

No. mills, 78. 

imports, 78. 

manufactory in, 12. 

lirst machine, 51. 
Silk rag i)aper, 3, 10. 

floss, 45. 
Simon, G. E., 92. 
Simouds, Case & Co., 46. 
Sinclair, James, 88. 
Sizing, 51, .54, 81. 

apparatus, 64. 

machinery, 62. 

machine, 67. 

and glazing, 54. 

French patent, 50. 
Skins used for writing upon, 9. 
Smith, Edward, 43. 
Smithsonian Institution, 29. 
Smyrna, mill, 80. 
South Carolina mills, 42. 

Hadley, 79. 
Southern canes, paper from, 83. 
Spain, art decays, 23. 

exports, 74. 

imports, 5, 20, 23, 72. 

machines, 79. 

product, 79. 



Spain, p.apcr made in, 4. 
Spanish manufacturers, 11. 

mills, 36. 
Sparganium paper, 92. 
Spartum, paper from, 81. 
Specimens, 93, 94. 
Spilman, his mill, 18, 19. 
Spindle tree paper, 31. 
Splitting paper, 75. 
Sprague, Me.--srs., patent, 55. 
Springfield mill, 49. 
Stamping process, 12, 16, 26. 
St. Domin£ro.31. 
Starin, H. W., 48. 
Steam engines, 75. 

power, 44. 
Stevenson's estimate, 43. 
Stifl', G., 84. 
Stimpson, Solomon, 46. 
Stockholm, imports, 30. 
Stockport mill, 43. 
Stone paper, 77, 95. 
Stones used for writing upon, 1. 
Straw boards, 93. 
Strainer, 7G. 

Straw paper, 6, 26, 27, 35, 36, 37, 
43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 56, 57, 
84, 85, 86, 91, 97, 98. 

mode of bleaching, 96. 
Stromer, Ulman, 16, 17. 
Stuyvesant Falls mill, 35, 97. 
Sun, New York, 88. 
Sweden, 20. 

imports from France, 5, 20. 

machines, 79. 

No. mills, 30, 79. 
Swedish jiaper, 05. 
Sweynheim and Pannartz, 17, 
SwingUtow paper, 88. 
Switzerland, 17. 

machines, 80. 

wages, 80. 

imports, 5, 20, 38. 
Syracuse, Sicily, 43. 

Standard, '97. 
Table cloths of paper, 57. 
Taft, F. A., patent, 60, 03. 
Tan paper, 68. 
Tate, John, 18. 
Tavlor, Enoch, patent, 52. 

T. G., 83. 
Tennessee, 42. 
Terry. Dr., 97. 

Theodoric abolished duty on papy- 
rus, 2, 10. 
Thibet paper, 66. 
Thick paper, 59, 86. 



109 



Thistle paper, 27, 31, 89. 
Thomas, Isaiah, 42. 

& Woodcoclv, patent, 59. 
Thread introduced, 54. 
Tiberiu-s, 10. 

Times, of London, 91, 92. 
Tissue paper, 93. 
Tow for paper, 60, 88. 
Tlraboschi, 15. 
Toledo mills, 11. 
Top press-roll(-r, 54. 
Towgood, Mr., patent, 63. 
Trees, paper from, 6, 25, 26. 
Trenton mill burnt, 91. 
Treviso, mill at, 16. 
Trieste, exports, 69, 76. 
Tripot, M., patent, 64. 
Troy, 60. 

Troves, mills at, 15, 17. 
Truman, Josejih, 65. 
Turin experiments, 56. 
Turingian mills, 71. 
Turner, Mr., patent, 61. 

G. W., bl. 
Turkish mill, 41, 80. 
Tuscany, machines, 80. 

mills in, 17. 
Twitch (or couch) grass for paper, 

86. 
Ulva marina ])aper, 5.'J. 
United States imports, 31, 68, 69, 
70, 71, 73, 74, 75, 76, 78, 
82, 87, 89, 92. 

import rags, 43. 

exports, 68, 69, 70, 71, 73, 74, 
75, 77, 82, 89. 

consumption, 52. 

products, 42, 47, 57, 63, 73, 
87, 94. 

new impetus, 60. 

capital employed, 77. 

No. mills, 42, 43, 70^ 87. 

persons emiAoyed, 47. 
Upper web dispensed with, 39. 
Ure, Dr.,(;9. 

Valencia manufactures, 15. 
Van Ilouten, Wm., patent, 49, 52. 
Van Veghten & Son, 41. 
Vat requiring an engine, 34. 
Vegetables suitable for paper, 6, 

25, 29, 36. 
^"ellum paper, 30. 
Velvets put upon paper, 57. 
Venice sent paper to Germany, 5. 
Vermont mills, 42. 
Vidocq, E. F., i>atent, 71. 
Villette, Marquis de, 31. 



Virginia mills, 42. 
Vivien, M., 85. 
Voug<^ot mill, 34. 
Wasres in Switzerland, 80. 
Wait, P. II., 96. 

Wall paper, 25, 31, 57, 67, 75, 78. 
90. 
introduced, 19. 
Russian, 36. 
Wa.sher improved, 61, 62, 64, 70, 

92. 
Waste for paper, 35, 37, 54. 
Wasps' nests, 23. 
Water for ink, 65. 

broom, for paper, 81. 

marks, 18. 

in continuous paper, 59, 60. 
Waterman & Annis, 53. 
Water mills, 5. 12, 28, 75. 

power, 17, 79. 

proof paper, 75. 
Watertown, N. Y., 64. 
Watkins, Thomas, 23. 
Watt & lUirgess, 83, 90. 
Watts, Mr., 91. 
Watson & Ledyard, 29. 
Wax sizing, 51. 
Waxen tablets, 17. 
^Vayl■aring tree paper, 31. 
Web sustainer, 67. 
Wt4isters, Ensign and Seymour, 33. 
West, George, 80. 
Western Budget, 41. 
West Sutton, Mass., 70. 
Westville mill burnt, 91. 
Watnuui, James, 27. 
Wheat straw paper, 27. 
Whii.ple, M. D., 91. 
White cSc Gale's patent, 51. 

Norman, 81. 

Avood )ia])er, 67. 
Whitehall mill, Eng., 58. 
Wilcox, Mr., 23. 
Wilder, Murk, 74. 
Wilks, .John, 59. 
Willow paper, 27, 31, 84, S(j. 

twig ]iaper, 32, 56. 
Wilmington mill, 45. 
Windham, Ct., 56 
Windmills, 28, 75. 
Windsor Locks mill, 94. 

paper, 21. 
Wire marks, 59, 60. 

web improved, 52. 
Woodcock, Thos. L., 61. 
Woodpaper, 23, 25, 26, 37, 54, 58, 
83, 86, 88, 91. 



110 



Wood sh.avings paper, 01. 

& Reddington, 42. 
"Woodvillc niiU, 94. 
Woodward & Bartlett, 89. 
Wool for paper, 72. 
Wooster & Holmes, patent, 58. 
Works on p:iper-nuiking : see Stro- 

mer, Bagt'ord, Guettard, .see p. 

26, Sohallers, Frenclj, 29, Vil- 

lette, Salisbury, Burton, Hemng, 

Saunders. 
Workmen, 77. 
in U. S., .07. 
in Great Britain, 80. 
World's fair, 78. 



Wove paper inv^nteid, 25. 
Wrapping paper, 00. 

from pine shavings, 50. 

from leather scrap.s, 95, 

paper-mill, 90, 94. 

of straw, 57. 

from sacks and ropes, 49, 
Wright, George, L., 74. 
Writing materials used for, 1. 
Wynkin de Worde, 18. 
Xativa, manufactures of, 12, 15. 
Zollverein, exports, 72, 73, 76; 

imports, 72. 

No. mills, 69, 



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